tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41421089719269189002024-03-05T19:25:48.484-08:00Punk Biology Student BlogAdamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-72343444351305525842013-06-20T00:41:00.002-07:002013-06-20T20:12:09.088-07:00ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (SISTEM TRANSPOR ELEKTRON) - BIOCHEMISTRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Sistem Transpor Elektron</b> atau <b>Rantai Transpor Elektron</b> atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut <i>Electron Transport System (ETS)</i><i> </i>biasa disebut juga <b>Fosforilasi Oksidatif (Oxidative Phosphorylation)</b>, merupakan tahap akhir <i>'the main event' </i>dari <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">respirasi sel</a>, <i><b>the last step of <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">Cellular Respiration</a></b></i>. Proses ini menggunakan elektron berenergi tinggi dari pendonor elektron (NADH & </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">FAD</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">) hasil dari <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">Glikolisis (Glycolysis)</a> dan <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html" target="_blank">Siklus Asam Sitrat (Citric Acid Cycle)</a> untuk membuat ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) terjadi di <i>Cristae</i> atau membran dalam pada mitokondria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM</b></span><br />
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image source: <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sistem Transpor Elektron melibatkan 5 kompleks protein (5 protein complexes) pada membran dalam mitokondria</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">, </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">yakni :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Complex I (NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Complex II (Succinate-Q oxidoreductase or Succinate dehydrogenase)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Complex III (Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">ATP Synthase</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>OVERVIEW</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Complex I, II, III dan IV membentuk jalur transpor elektron yang akan dilalui oleh elektron-elektron berenergi tinggi <i>(high energy electrons) </i>yang di'donor' oleh NADH + </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> dan </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">FAD</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">. Elektron-elektron berenergi tinggi ini berperan sebagai energi saat complex protein memompa </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: 18px;">(proton) dari matrix ke ruang antarmembran pada mitokondria, menyebabkan perbedaan konsentrasi </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> yang sangat tinggi <i>(strong hydrogen concentration gradient)</i> antara matrix dengan ruang antarmembran (intramembrane space). Karena perbedaan konsentrasi proton inilah terjadi peristiwa <i>chemiosmosis </i>(di lain kesempatan kita akan membahas tentang Chemiosmosis) dan ATP Synthase menyelesaikan serangkaian proses produksi energi dengan fosforilasi ADP menjadi ATP.</span></div>
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Chemiosmosis (image source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a>)</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">COMPLEX I</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Complex I (NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase), dua elektron dilepaskan dari NADH dan ditransfer ke Coenzyme-Q (CoQ) dengan bantuan FMN (flavin mononucleotide) dan FeS (Iron-Sulfur) sebagai <i>electron translocator </i>nya. Pada proses ini 4 ion </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> (proton) dipompa oleh Complex I dari matrix ke ruang antarmembran.</span></div>
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Image source: [<a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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<i>The pathway of electrons occurs as follows:</i></div>
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<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NADH">NADH</a> is oxidized to NAD<sup style="line-height: 1em;">+</sup>, by reducing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flavin mononucleotide">Flavin mononucleotide</a> to FMNH<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub> in one two-electron step. FMNH<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub> is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquinone#Chemical_properties" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ubiquinone">semiquinone</a> intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub> to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-sulfur_cluster" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron-sulfur cluster">Fe-S cluster</a>, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquinone#Chemical_properties" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ubiquinone">semiquinone</a>) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. -Wikipedia</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">COMPLEX II</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Di Complex II (Succinate-Q oxidoreductase or Succinate dehydrogenase), elektron tambahan masuk ke jalur transport elektron dari Succinate (elektron ditrensfer ke Q via FAD). <i>Q = ubiquinone; Succinate = salah satu senyawa yang dibentuk di siklus asam sitrat.</i></span></span><br />
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Image source: [<a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">COMPLEX III</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Di Complex III (Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase), terjadi reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi. Oksidasi Ubiquinol dan reduksi 2 molekul Cytochrome c. 4 ion </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> (proton) dipompa melewati membran ke ruang antarmembran.</span><br />
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Image source: [<a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">COMPLEX IV</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Di Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase), 4 elektron dilepaskan dari 4 molekul cytochrome c dan ditransfer ke molekul </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">O</span></span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> , membentuk 2 molekul </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">O (air). Pada waktu yang sama 4 ion </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> (proton) dilepaskan dari matrix mitokondria, namun hanya 2 ion </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> (proton) yang dipompan melewati membran ke ruang antar membran. Aktivitas Cytochrome c oxidase diinhibisi oleh cyanide (sianida).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">ATP SYNTHASE</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Banyaknya ion </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> (proton) yang dipompa melewati membran menyebabkan perbedaan konsentrasi proton yang kuat (</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">strong hydrogen concentration gradient</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">)</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> antara matrix dan ruang antarmembran pada mitokondria. Keadaan ini memicu terjadinya chemiosmosis dan ATP synthase memanfaatkan keadaan ini untuk menyelesaikan serangkaian proses produksi energi dengan memfosforilasi ADP menjadi ATP.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yje_WSR8SGXGee8oCaIZWG5UmzvloG03eGy3-Jvm-ODHTJchkk7caWqoMCqD_PaaAYGkz5yIMWvtMcsC59d4D_s7PM7UCZZHBUz3YzPqF4U6c0A5GSAt2UKgXQaFzZcpbfot86UFlOvt/s1600/atpsyn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yje_WSR8SGXGee8oCaIZWG5UmzvloG03eGy3-Jvm-ODHTJchkk7caWqoMCqD_PaaAYGkz5yIMWvtMcsC59d4D_s7PM7UCZZHBUz3YzPqF4U6c0A5GSAt2UKgXQaFzZcpbfot86UFlOvt/s320/atpsyn.gif" width="234" /></a></div>
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Image source: [<a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">SUMMARY</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Sistem transpor elektron menggunakan elektron-elektron berenergi tinggi (high energy electrons) dari pendonor elektron, yakni NADH dan </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">FAD</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2,</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> dan O</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><sub style="line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> sebagai acceptor elektron terakhirnya melalui serangkaian reaksi redoks. Melibatkan 5 kompleks protein (5 protein complexes), yakni: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Complex I (NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Complex II (Succinate-Q oxidoreductase or Succinate dehydrogenase)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Complex III (Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>ATP Synthase</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Complex I, III dan IV berfungsi sebagai <i>proton pumps </i>(pompa proton), yang memompa ion </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> (proton) melewati membran dari matrix ke ruang antarmembran pada mitokondria. Banyaknya ion </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> (proton) yang dipompa melewati membran menyebabkan perbedaan konsentrasi proton yang kuat antara matrix dan ruang antarmembran. Keadaan ini memicu terjadinya <i>chemiosmosis </i>dan ATP synthase memanfaatkan keadaan ini untuk menyelesaikan serangkaian proses produksi energi dengan memfosforilasi ADP menjadi ATP.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Want more about Electron Transport System? click <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/etrans.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>, <a href="http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/aerobic-respiration-ii-the-electron-transport-chain.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" target="_blank">HERE</a> and <a href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitets.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large; line-height: 20px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">CELLULAR RESPIRATION</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Glycolysis (anaerobic)</span></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate.html" target="_blank">Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate</a></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html">Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (aerobic)</a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> Electron Transport System (aerobic)</b></span></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-80124878175230912272013-06-14T20:38:00.001-07:002013-06-20T19:50:01.557-07:00OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE (DEKARBOKSILASI OKSIDATIF PIRUVAT)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMm9qMSvlq37gGHXspjo22zAI8xXmL2grZku3x_NhKw1IRMFqaAiNcfxDoAfqMz1v3S9zdAuZeJ2k6ZLt50ZsBjIYL5aWINJLayMwkxL1xrNeSe_9ZGdX69oKcwWDpoGbv3ClwSEfjrN2C/s1600/ODP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMm9qMSvlq37gGHXspjo22zAI8xXmL2grZku3x_NhKw1IRMFqaAiNcfxDoAfqMz1v3S9zdAuZeJ2k6ZLt50ZsBjIYL5aWINJLayMwkxL1xrNeSe_9ZGdX69oKcwWDpoGbv3ClwSEfjrN2C/s200/ODP.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Setelah <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">glikolisis</a>, pada proses <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">repirasi sel (cellular respiration)</a>, ada dua kemungkinan yang akan terjadi. Kemungkinan yang pertama, bila <b>TIDAK</b> tersedia oksigen (<span style="line-height: 18px;">O</span><span style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) hasil dari <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">glikolisis</a> yang berupa Asam Piruvat (<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">COCOOH</span>) akan mengalami yang namanya fermentasi. Kemungkinan yang kedua, bila tersedia oksigen </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">O</span><span style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) maka Piruvat akan diubah menjadi Acetyl-CoA melalui proses yang disebut <i>dekarboksilasi oksidatif (oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Pada artikel ini, kita akan membahas tentang kemungkinan yang kedua, yakni <i><b>Dekarboksilasi oksidatif (Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate)</b>. </i>Untuk yang <i>fermentasi </i>akan kita pada artikel berikutnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat (english: oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate; pyruvate decarboxylation; Swanson conversion), proses ini juga terkadang disebut sebagai <i>link reaction </i>karena dianggap sebagai penghubung antara <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank"><b>glikolisis</b></a> dan <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html" target="_blank"><b>siklus asam sitrat</b></a>. Pada dekarboksilasi oksidatif, piruvat dioksidasi menjadi Acetyl-CoA oleh <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex-pdc.html" target="_blank"><b>pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)</b></a>, </i>melapaskan NADH dan C</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">O</span><span style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> .</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSHatiI7T2x-98ruQfQIMxzskaN_3IIhwOLdwZdassbzSDBYYdsb-ZN6Nj5KhfZzWiXeVd_6aS6ZSyFXup50m4VYKEHwRcKQVjgtAUkPjByhGJlWN52Bw9sOffjuTrWzI0GIYWHckrSyoO/s1600/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex_Deficiency-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSHatiI7T2x-98ruQfQIMxzskaN_3IIhwOLdwZdassbzSDBYYdsb-ZN6Nj5KhfZzWiXeVd_6aS6ZSyFXup50m4VYKEHwRcKQVjgtAUkPjByhGJlWN52Bw9sOffjuTrWzI0GIYWHckrSyoO/s400/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex_Deficiency-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Prekursor : Pyruvate, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), Oxygen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>THE PROCESS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step A</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Piruvat diderkarbosilasi <i>(decarboxylated)</i> oleh <i>pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)</i> dengan bantuan <i>thiamine phosphate (TPP)</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step B</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Karbon (C) reaktif atau <i>reactive carbon</i> (antara N dan S) pada thiamine phosphate (TPP) dioksidasi dan ditransfer sebagai <i>gugus acetyl</i> ke <i>lipoamide</i> (lipoamide merupakan gugus prostetik dari dihydrolipoyl transacetylase). Pada step ini terbentuk <i>Hydroxyethyl-TPP</i> dan ion </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Allerta Stencil'; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> dibutuhkan untuk melepaskan </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">C</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">O</span><span style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step C</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">E2 (dihydrolipoyl transacetylase dengan kofaktor lipoamide) mengoksidasi hydroxyethyl- menjadi acetyl-, kemudian mentransfer acetyl- ke CoA (koenzim A) untuk membentuk <i>Acetyl-CoA</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step D</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Meskipun Acetyl-CoA telah terbentuk pada step sebelumnya, namun proses ini masih belum selesai. E2 masih menempel pada molekul Acetyl-CoA, di sinilah peran <i>dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)</i> mengoksidasi <i>gugus thiol</i> dari <i>dihydrolipoamide</i> kembali menjadi lipoamide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step E</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sebagai reaksi sampingan, <span style="line-height: 18px;">NAD</span></span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Allerta Stencil'; line-height: 18px;"><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> direduksi menjadi NADH.</span></div>
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image source : <a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Metabolism/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex" style="text-align: left;">http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To Summaries</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1. Piruvat didekarboksilasi (decarboxylated)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2. CoA ditambahkan untuk membentuk Acetyl-CoA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3. Acetyl-CoA yang terbentuk siap digunakan untuk Siklus Asam Sitrat atau Siklus Krebs (Citric Acid Cycle).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Want more about Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate? click <a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Metabolism/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex"><span style="font-size: large;">HERE</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylation"><span style="font-size: large;">HERE</span></a>, <a href="http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PYRUVDEHYD-PWY&orgids=(AAEO224324%20ECOLI)"><span style="font-size: large;">HERE</span></a>, <a href="http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/tca-cycle.php"><span style="font-size: large;">HERE</span></a> and <a href="http://www.coenzyme-a.com/tca.html"><span style="font-size: large;">HERE</span></a> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large; line-height: 20px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">CELLULAR RESPIRATION</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Glycolysis (anaerobic)</span></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate</b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html">Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (aerobic)</a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/electron-transport-system-sistem.html" target="_blank">Electron Transport System (aerobic)</a></b></span></span><br />
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-20570278819406298782013-06-14T05:48:00.000-07:002018-12-21T23:16:52.090-08:001ST ANNIVERSARY OF PUNK BIOLOGY STUDENT BLOG, LET'S CELEBRATE!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Bismillahirrahmanirrahim</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gak terasa blog ini umurnya udah setaun, sebenernya bulan April kemaren sih pas setaunnya tapi gue lupa haha, gak ada salahnya juga bikin selebrasi kecil-kecilan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Setaun ini cuma bisa nulis 30 artikel, memang awalnya ini blog cuma buat posting tugas-tugas kuliah jadi agak gak keurus *elus-elus laptop*. Ya, mudah-mudahan di hari jadi yang ke-1 blog ini jadi lebih sering update, tambah banyak visitornya, tambah banyak page view nya dan naek juga PAGERANK-nya, aamiin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Oiya, ucapan terima kasih yang paling ikhlas gue ucapin buat pembaca setia Punk Biology Student Blog yang nyasar ke blog gue pas lagi nyari tugas biologi dari guru atau dosennya, <i><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">thank you so much!</span></i></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-35194872170559392902013-06-14T04:45:00.002-07:002013-06-14T04:45:21.371-07:00PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX (PDC)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf51odACl6gR-hwwNjnh1m1alygqgrqd2Gv7tCD02yRZO2MjhuGoDEkKFrRtL8sAXWPg5QUL-btLzPfRQJARuLVE-4DwdE9GZP-9yM5gfnnDoxJSoRSOP9Y7-FebXOJRkg093jDIebTcd_/s1600/PDC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf51odACl6gR-hwwNjnh1m1alygqgrqd2Gv7tCD02yRZO2MjhuGoDEkKFrRtL8sAXWPg5QUL-btLzPfRQJARuLVE-4DwdE9GZP-9yM5gfnnDoxJSoRSOP9Y7-FebXOJRkg093jDIebTcd_/s200/PDC.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX (PDC)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)</b> merupakan kompleks dari tiga enzim yang mentransform piruvat menjadi Acetyl-CoA melalui proses yang disebut <i>Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate </i>atau Dekarboksilasi Oksidatif Piruvat. PDC terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (E1)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Pyruvate dehydrogenase menggunakan <i>thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) </i>sebagai gugus prostetiknya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>DIHYDROLIPOYL TRANSACETYLASE (E2)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase menggunakan <i>lipoamide </i>dan <i>coenzyme A (CoA-SH) </i>sebagai gugus prostetiknya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>DIHYDROLIPOYL DEHYDROGENASE (E3)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase menggunakan <i>flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) </i>dan <i>nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (</i></span><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Vitamins%2c_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Nicotinamide_______Adenine_Dinucleotide" rel="internal" style="background-color: white; color: #004a80; line-height: 18px;" title="Biological Chemistry/Vitamins, Cofactors and Coenzymes/Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide">NAD</a><sup style="background-color: white; color: #4f6b72;">+</sup></span></i><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">sebagai kofaktornya.</span></div>
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<tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Enzyme</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Abbrev.</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a>(s)</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"># subunits prokaryotes</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"># subunits eukaryotes</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">pyruvate dehydrogenase</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">E1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_diphosphate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine diphosphate"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">24</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">30</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase">dihydrolipoyl transacetylase</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">E2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lipoic acid">lipoate</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">24</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">60</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_dehydrogenase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase">dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">E3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAD" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="FAD">FAD</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD</a><sup style="line-height: 1em;">+</sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">12</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">12<br /></span></td></tr>
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source : wikipedia<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>The Process</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPHt3AhcOszBCj_XEYF8WCR4U0ZUkqJARQlABby4yueyfGroeEWnj1unUI5CgPe0_JOBgV1xENyttq8PgBZYNdiqtTXQteNT9vWqTbmzBqGGj3NJW7caQjhTDoLzfo6ZriDE6N-vbjCu6/s1600/640px-PDH_schema.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPHt3AhcOszBCj_XEYF8WCR4U0ZUkqJARQlABby4yueyfGroeEWnj1unUI5CgPe0_JOBgV1xENyttq8PgBZYNdiqtTXQteNT9vWqTbmzBqGGj3NJW7caQjhTDoLzfo6ZriDE6N-vbjCu6/s1600/640px-PDH_schema.png" /></a></div>
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Image source: http://id.wikipedia.org/</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>want more about PDC? Click <a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Metabolism/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex" target="_blank">HERE</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" target="_blank">HERE</a> !</b></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-42367407350061002372013-06-13T03:39:00.000-07:002013-06-20T20:29:08.736-07:00CITRIC ACID CYCLE (SIKLUS ASAM SITRAT / SIKLUS KREBS) - BIOCHEMISTRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSAyU1gNk7QOte8is9s9F92HX4mAdEIarrz4h7oLnbDt0XzCpEk49htB4AMZPr6dnumuq52IDKzGLlhb1OSCnhSrAfZk2QxxfRcqBckYRZgXhHa28-ZQyzC41i8s1XqfSVk0Y-zTZJwk4B/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSAyU1gNk7QOte8is9s9F92HX4mAdEIarrz4h7oLnbDt0XzCpEk49htB4AMZPr6dnumuq52IDKzGLlhb1OSCnhSrAfZk2QxxfRcqBckYRZgXhHa28-ZQyzC41i8s1XqfSVk0Y-zTZJwk4B/s200/Capture.PNG" width="197" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Siklus Asam Sitrat (english: Citric Acid Cycle) atau Siklus Krebs</b> merupakan rangkaian proses kimiawi respirasi sel yang terjadi secara aerob di matriks mitokondria setelah proses <b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">Glikolisis</a>. </b>Sebelum masuk ke Siklus Krebs, mula-mula piruvat (hasil dari glikolisis) dioksidasi menjadi Acetyl-CoA dan <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> oleh</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex-pdc.html" target="_blank">pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)</a>. Proses pengubahan piruvat menjadi Acetyl-CoA ini biasa dikenal dengan<i> Dekarboksilasi Oksidatif (Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate)</i>. Kemudian, gugus asetil berkarbon dua dari Acetyl-CoA bertemu dengan Oxaloacetate membentuk asam sitrat (citric acid). Karena senyawa pertama yang dibentuk adalah asam sitrat, maka siklus ini juga dikenal dengan nama <b>siklus asam sitrat (ctric acid cycle). </b>Produk yang dihasilkan dari siklus ini adalah <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FAD</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> dan 4 </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">TAHAP-TAHAP SIKLUS ASAM SITRAT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mula-mula piruvat yang merupakan hasil dari glikolisis dioksidasi oleh <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex-pdc.html" target="_blank">pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)</a> </i>menjadi Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA inilah yang menjadi prekursor siklus asam sitrat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1. Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">H</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">O ------> Citrate + CoA-SH</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Citrate Synthase</i>. Tipe Reaksi: <i>Aldol Condensation, irreversible</i>. <i>extends the 4C oxaloacetate to 6C molecule.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2. Citrate ------> <i>cis-</i>Aconitate + </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">H</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">O</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Aconitase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Dehydration, reversible isomeration.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3. </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>cis-</i>Aconitate + </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">H</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">O ------> Isocitrate</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Aconitase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Hydration, reversible isomeration.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4. Isocitrate + NAD<sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> ------> Oxalosuccinate + NADH + H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Oxidation, </i>membentuk NADH (setara dengan 3 ATP).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">5. Oxalosuccinate ------> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">α-Ketoglutarate + <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">CO</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Decarboxylation.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">6. </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">α-Ketoglutarate + </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">NAD<sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> + CoA-SH ------> Succinyl-CoA + NADH + </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> + </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">CO</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Oxidative Deacrboxylation, </i>membentuk NADH (setara dengan 3 ATP).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>7. Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi ------> Succinate + CoA-SH + GTP</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Succinyl-CoA Synthetase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Substrate-level Phosphorylation, </i>membentuk 1 ATP (setara dengan reaksi kondensasi GDP + Pi dan hirolisis Succinyl-CoA melibatkan </span><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">H</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">O</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">, untuk menyeimbangkan persamaan reaksi).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">8. Succinate + Ubiquinone (Q) ------> Fumarate + Ubiquinol (<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">QH</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Succinate Dehydrogenase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Oxidation, </i>menggunakan FAD sebagai gugus prostetik (FAD ------> <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">FADH</span></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> pada awal reaksi) dalam enzim. Membentuk <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">FADH</span></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> (setara dengan 2 ATP).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTERcqI-AGpYjL-q-fstOPKMKmqFlSbEZmh3KKD5lbMndCVfz4TAK-kt_xV83TPD3VvIYFeP1k9zcAgfwVOAXAxVV_QV_12ld_nhQfwiOyybATGqQsaRSauVBtfMh3h1B4RRksNk5ggdJy/s1600/citricacidcycle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTERcqI-AGpYjL-q-fstOPKMKmqFlSbEZmh3KKD5lbMndCVfz4TAK-kt_xV83TPD3VvIYFeP1k9zcAgfwVOAXAxVV_QV_12ld_nhQfwiOyybATGqQsaRSauVBtfMh3h1B4RRksNk5ggdJy/s1600/citricacidcycle.gif" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9. Fumarate + <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">H</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">O ------> <i>L-</i>Malate</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Fumarase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Hydration.</i></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">10. <i>L-</i>Malate + </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">NAD<sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> ------> Oxaloacetate + NADH + </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">H</span><sup style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">+</sup></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Dikatalisasi oleh enzim <i>Malate Dehydrogenase. </i>Tipe reaksi: <i>Oxidation, reversible. </i>Membentuk NADH (setara dengan 3 ATP).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Enzim-enzim yang berperan dalam Siklus Asam Sitrat :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Citrate Synthase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aconitase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Isocitrate Dehydrogenase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Succinyl-CoA Synthetase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Succinate Dehydrogenase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Fumarase</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Malate Dehydrogenase</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Conclusion</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sebelum masuk ke siklus asam sitrat atau siklus Krebs, mula-mula Piruvat (pyruvate) yang merupakan hasil dari glikolisis dioksidasi menjadi Acetyl-CoA oleh <i>pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). </i>Acetyl-CoA inilah yang menjadi prekursor dan masuk ke dalam matriks mitokondria, di mana Siklus Asam Sitrat berlangsung, bereaksi dengan Asam Oxaloacetate membentuk Asam Sitrat (citric acid). Hasil akhir dari Siklus Asam Sitrat ini adalah </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FAD</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> dan 4 </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">2</sub></span></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large; line-height: 20px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">CELLULAR RESPIRATION</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Glycolysis (anaerobic)</span></a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate.html" target="_blank"> Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate</a></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (aerobic)</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/electron-transport-system-sistem.html" target="_blank">Electron Transport System (aerobic)</a></b></span></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-22589195659106523302012-12-08T00:09:00.001-08:002012-12-08T07:54:52.671-08:00PROTOZOA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijuk4YKwkswf6GPrsufcot87Uuzoaw_OBgAxrg8YX5cxAFmKATdiqIae0hjgfaAOFS5kYqOvRorlbabfiCFt7slJE5CbUu-KR-iqPXQsPhnhVdD9aFKPYopQETwtHBHx16qLmouhB3dtzn/s1600/protozoa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijuk4YKwkswf6GPrsufcot87Uuzoaw_OBgAxrg8YX5cxAFmKATdiqIae0hjgfaAOFS5kYqOvRorlbabfiCFt7slJE5CbUu-KR-iqPXQsPhnhVdD9aFKPYopQETwtHBHx16qLmouhB3dtzn/s200/protozoa.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Protozoa merupakan mikroorganisme eukariotik. Terdiri dari satu sel (unicellular), beberapa spesies ukurannya sangat kecil sehingga dibutuhkan mikroskop untuk mengamati morfologinya dan bahkan dibutuhkan mikroskop elektron untuk mengamati strukturnya. Jumlah dan variasi protozoa sangat banyak, sekitar 46,000 spesies telah teridentifikasi dan sekitar 20,000 spesies ditemukan dalam bentuk fosil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, salah satu ilmuwan pertama yang mengamati mikroorganisme di bawah mikroskop, menyebut protozoa sebagai <i>'animalcules' </i>seolah-olah protozoa merupakan kombinasi antara hewan (animal) dan molekul (molecule).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Structure of Euglena</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0GkUz5BZWY2KL6TzG4TdIJk8InJOtMHDM0xhhdZNYQqYsu2bRw7wLOTM5XycyMyBn541GocwxQpmn8POj7ojJLLA5bekA_Ffc75S3MOe2v1dqoT-agpcJVU1SKW_dYTWZwPpCVDxIja6o/s1600/EUGLENA.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0GkUz5BZWY2KL6TzG4TdIJk8InJOtMHDM0xhhdZNYQqYsu2bRw7wLOTM5XycyMyBn541GocwxQpmn8POj7ojJLLA5bekA_Ffc75S3MOe2v1dqoT-agpcJVU1SKW_dYTWZwPpCVDxIja6o/s320/EUGLENA.GIF" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS</b></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Eukariot (Eukaryotic)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Uniseluler (unicellular), bersel satu</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mikroskopis (microscopic), it's about </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1 to 300 µm in cell size</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Reproduksi : Seksual dan aseksual </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Alat Gerak : Pseudopodia, Flagel, Cilia (dan ada yang tidak mempunyai alat gerak)</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Hidup soliter (sendiri) atau berkoloni</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Umumnya heterotrof</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Hidup bebas, saprofit atau parasit.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">CLASSIFICATION</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Klasifikasi Lama</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Berdasarkan alat geraknya (klasifikasi lama) protozoa dapat dibagi menjadi 4 kelas, yakni :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)</b>, bergerak menggunakan <i>pseudopodia. </i>Contoh : <i>Amoeba proteus, Entamoeba histolytica</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Mastigophora (Flagellata)</b>, bergerak menggunakan flagel. Contoh : <i>Euglena viridis, Trypanosoma sp.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Ciliata, </b>bergerak menggunakan cilia (bulu getar). Contoh : <i>Paramecium caudatum, Balantidium coli</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Sporozoa, </b>tidak memiliki alat gerak. Contoh : <i>Plasmodium vivax</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Klasifikasi Baru (1986)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Pada klasifikasi baru, protozoa dikelompokan berdasarkan strutur sel di bawah mikroskop elektron.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Sarcomastigophora</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Labyrinthomorpha</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Apicomplexa</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Myxozoa</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Microspora</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Ascetospora</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Ciliophora</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
</div>
Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-58773164854732365952012-11-28T06:42:00.001-08:002012-11-28T09:30:15.893-08:00AWESOME FACTS ABOUT DNA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSD9ls9cBVrYXlcXF_G-QvAOnnMD9jg9tDVQNanQwyPzYyIyeI_Ru6oFyB8xhPJl8c947ZBtmDgpkG6vX_XY4Taai2nvZX1cPSr50L9jk95nZEMzt3NM2rMUm2phS5raOoyuayaca5fhp/s1600/DNA-biopunk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSD9ls9cBVrYXlcXF_G-QvAOnnMD9jg9tDVQNanQwyPzYyIyeI_Ru6oFyB8xhPJl8c947ZBtmDgpkG6vX_XY4Taai2nvZX1cPSr50L9jk95nZEMzt3NM2rMUm2phS5raOoyuayaca5fhp/s200/DNA-biopunk.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Pernah dengar tentang DNA? bagi anda yang sudah lulus SMA atau yang sedang menempuh pendidikan di SMA (jurusan IPA khususnya) atau mungkin yang sedang '<i>iseng-iseng'</i> belajar biologi pasti tidak asing dengan hal yang satu ini.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>What is DNA?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">DNA (<i>english: Deoxyribonucleic Acid</i>) merupakan materi genetik, zat yang kita kenal sebagai <i>gen. </i>Struktur DNA tersusun atas gugus phosphate, gula deoksiribosa dan basa nitrogen (purin dan pirimidin). DNA mengandung semua informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk membentuk kehidupan. James Watson, salah satu penemu DNA double helix mengatakan <i>"there is no subtance as important as DNA", </i>kalimat tersebut menggambarkan betapa pentingnya DNA bagi kehidupan. Well, these are some awesome facts about DNA, here they are :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>1. DNA mengandung kode-kode genetik</b> dalam bentuk molekul basa nitrogen dan biasa disingkat dengan huruf : A T C G (adenine, thymine, cytosin, guanine). Nukleus dari setiap sel manusia memiliki tiga miliar (3,000,000,000) kode-kode ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpVO2foU_SQ-RrWY6SBu8V_pnv6BFkBx6GM66pbLhrnPSrZlTdvqNz38gJD_cpKuAWLilH_GYhb-JwyepbLuf-SrWjfIDHfc8IHPmqQqQ6FPdRlllza-YKLQfb9MeghJ25uG7fdBGzC0yx/s1600/fr_adn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpVO2foU_SQ-RrWY6SBu8V_pnv6BFkBx6GM66pbLhrnPSrZlTdvqNz38gJD_cpKuAWLilH_GYhb-JwyepbLuf-SrWjfIDHfc8IHPmqQqQ6FPdRlllza-YKLQfb9MeghJ25uG7fdBGzC0yx/s320/fr_adn.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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source : <a href="http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/en_dna.htm" target="_blank">www.ict4us.com</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>2. Massa DNA</b> hanya 1/200,000,000,000 gram (satu per dua ratus miliar gram) dan lebar hanya 1/500,000 milimeter (satu per lima ratus ribu milimeter). Materi sekecil ini memiliki peranan yang begitu penting bagi kehidupan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>3. </b></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>DNA dari seluruh populasi dunia</b> yang berjumlah sekitar 6 miliar orang jika dikumpulkan maka beratnya hanya akan<i> seberat satu butir beras</i> dan jika direntangkan akan mencapai panjang 18,000,000 kilometer, kurang lebih 50 kali lebih panjang dari jarak bumi ke bulan yang hanya sekitar 380,000 kilometer.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisnR6GRZa4bclzQMfDTLLtLuB0fYX94f4uwTGXKfTTFJx8jdymcARwvrluh_TPXr0M_xdY_RtMwLXdVykt_8vS3SX3zpv1G8lqWLjZLV9WvUSTEe7N9eTBYOJnXhgEm07fzy9DxPtUGa_X/s1600/word-sell-earth-moon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisnR6GRZa4bclzQMfDTLLtLuB0fYX94f4uwTGXKfTTFJx8jdymcARwvrluh_TPXr0M_xdY_RtMwLXdVykt_8vS3SX3zpv1G8lqWLjZLV9WvUSTEe7N9eTBYOJnXhgEm07fzy9DxPtUGa_X/s320/word-sell-earth-moon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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source : <a href="http://blog.straightnorth.com/words-for-nerds-moil/" target="_blank">blog.straightnorth.com</a></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>4. Diameter DNA</b> 5000 kali lebih kecil dari seuntai kawat berdiameter 1 milimeter yang diiris memanjang menjadi satu per seratus bagian. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>5. Sel darah merah tidak memiliki DNA</b> karena tidak memiliki nukleus (inti sel). Salah sumber yang saya baca mengatakan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: oldlace; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">"Although blood is an excellent source of DNA, the DNA does not come from the red blood cells, as these cells have no nuclei. Rather, the DNA comes chiefly from white blood cells in the blood." </span>-</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/dna_forensics_2/06c.html" target="_blank">www.biology.arizona.edu</a></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Meskipun darah merupakan sumber DNA yang baik terutama dari sel darah putih (leukocyte), tetapi tidak untuk sel darah merah (</span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">erythrocyte)</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"> karena sel darah merah tidak memiliki inti sel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><b>6. SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)</b> adalah mutasi yang terjadi terhadap satu pasang basa DNA. Tergantung pada lokasinya, mutasi ini bisa tidak berpengaruh apa-apa atau malah menyebabkan perubahan secara fisik (misalnya warna mata, warna rambut), meningkatkan imunitas, meningkatkan resistensi terhadap penyakit (misalnya diabetes) atau bahkan penyakit genetik seperti Cystic Fibrosis (</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://sciencebiotech.net/fun-facts-about-genetics/" target="_blank">sciencebiotech.net</a>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">special thanks to :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">my lecture, Dr. YO who gave me an ebook <i><b>The Divine Message of the DNA by Kazuo Murakami, Ph.D.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>and other various sources</b></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-8321712361492344482012-11-25T02:03:00.000-08:002012-11-25T02:03:22.130-08:00CELL BIOLOGY - INTRODUCTION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW8iiKgKh2bnPgk3IzWcUJvtdYl6efo0Dbrfj7sumwA6Cu2ljTN1WxmPdP1A2e0ldrTMubs-eE-TzltiXKUzf6Wbfxv1PrMyBwFj99-QehboBEceAzte1Wcp7NB9cjqEnvLzd_v_F5l84h/s1600/cells.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW8iiKgKh2bnPgk3IzWcUJvtdYl6efo0Dbrfj7sumwA6Cu2ljTN1WxmPdP1A2e0ldrTMubs-eE-TzltiXKUzf6Wbfxv1PrMyBwFj99-QehboBEceAzte1Wcp7NB9cjqEnvLzd_v_F5l84h/s200/cells.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sel (english : cell) adalah unit terkecil dari makhluk hidup yang menyusun secara struktural dan fungsional (semua organisme, kecuali virus yang hanya terdiri dari DNA/RNA yang diselubungi protein, lemak atau glikoprotein). Sel pertama kali ditemukan dan diberi nama oleh <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" target="_blank">Robert Hooke</a></b> pada 1665. Kata cell (sel) berasal dari bahasa latin, yakni <i>cella </i>yang berarti <i>ruang kecil (small room), </i>istilah deskriptif untuk struktur biologis terkecil yang diungkapkan oleh Robert Hooke dalam buku yang diterbitkan tahun 1665 saat Hooke membandingkan struktur sel gabus (cork cell) yang ia lihat melalui mikroskop dengan <i>ruang kecil yang ditempati para biarawan</i>. Cabang ilmu biologi yang khusus mempelajari sel disebut <b style="font-style: italic;">sitologi (cytology).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>CELL THEORY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Teori sel</b> pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1839 oleh Theodor Schwann dan Matthias Schleiden :</span></div>
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<ol>
<li><i style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.</span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.</span></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).</span></span></i></li>
</ol>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><i>(soure : </i></span></span><span style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b><a href="http://bitesizebio.com/articles/history-of-cell-biology/">http://bitesizebio.com/articles/history-of-cell-biology/</a> </b>)</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Pernyataan ke-3 dari teori sel di atas jelas merupakan pernyataan yang salah. Penafsiran yang benar mengenai pembentukan sel melalui pembelahan akhirnya diinterpretasikan oleh Rudolph Virchow, <i>"Omnis cellula e cellula" </i>yang berarti <i>semua sel hanya terbentuk dari sel yang sudah ada sebelumnya, </i>spontaneous generation tidak terjadi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Modern Sel Theory (Teori Sel Modern)</b></span></span></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Semua makhluk hidup atau organisme yang diketahui terdiri dari sel.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Sel adalah unit struktural dan fungsional dari semua makhluk hidup.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Semua sel berasal dari sel yang sudah ada sebelumnya <i>(Spontaneous generation atau generatio spontanea tidak terjadi)</i></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Sel berisi informasi turun temurun yang diwariskan dari sel ke sel selama pembelahan sel.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Semua sel pada dasarnya memiliki komposisi kimia yang sama.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Semua aliran energi (metabolisme dan biokimia) kehidupan terjadi di dalam sel.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><div style="line-height: 21px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Tubuh manusia terdiri dari sekitar 10 triliun sel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #e06666; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
</span><ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Animal Cell (source : www.tutorvista.com)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>CELL STRUCTURE</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Sekitar 90% dari sel adalah cairan yang disebut sitoplasma (cytoplasm) yang terdiri dari asam amino bebas, protein, glukosa dan molekul-molekul lainnya. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Cell Membrane (Membran Sel)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Sitoplasma dikelilingi oleh membran sel atau membran plasma. Membran sel pada tumbuhan dan prokariot biasanya ditutupi oleh dinding sel (cell wall). Membran ini berfungsi untuk membatasi dan melindungi sel dari lingkungan di luar sel. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cell Membrane</span></a>.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Cytoskeleton (Sitoskeleton)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Sitoskeleton berperan dalam mengatur dan mempertahankan bentuk sel. Sitoskeleton terdiri atas tiga serabut yang berbeda, yakni <i>microfilament atau actin filament, microtubules </i>dan <i>intermediate filament. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton" target="_blank">cytoskeleton.</a></span></i></span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 21px;">Plant Cell (source : kids.britannica.com)</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYO619KrzvE6c6PTWbmx1jGp347pBAPcHr9RIh8J2-avv-v8Ff0OSn6pU-4sB5goVfiD1N7IsbOdgB2GJUxIfkS-HoWSdBd-TbbA-gMPsix-sp9fA4S6JsXzs9otv0tI_mvxMOuhAZ4Rys/s1600/114904-004-C3D5E93A.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYO619KrzvE6c6PTWbmx1jGp347pBAPcHr9RIh8J2-avv-v8Ff0OSn6pU-4sB5goVfiD1N7IsbOdgB2GJUxIfkS-HoWSdBd-TbbA-gMPsix-sp9fA4S6JsXzs9otv0tI_mvxMOuhAZ4Rys/s320/114904-004-C3D5E93A.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Genetic Material (Materi Genetik)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Ada dua tipe materi genetik, yakni DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) dan RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA terletak di dalam inti sel. Pada bakteri terdapat DNA ekstrakromosomal berbentuk sirkuler yang disebut <i style="font-weight: bold;">plasmid</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Organelles (Organel Sel)</b></span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Nucleus</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Mitochondria and Chloroplasts</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Endoplasmic Reticulum</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Golgi Apparatus</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Ribosomes</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Lysosomes and Peroxisomes</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Centrosome</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Vacuoles</span></span></li>
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<span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bacteria (source : www.tutorvista.com)</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRFWmmedoIdFqCD2RHjQOA37ETGZWGBv8KuOHlIvfnQwbMcFZeeSGTnyaEEDaVldwbe1Zas_zBvBFt560OVs4__peV7TbdBRbX3XIg4MZQBbuu4ClgEsYhxLiyoCP-alYnAXikK5PoWAvI/s1600/bacterium.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRFWmmedoIdFqCD2RHjQOA37ETGZWGBv8KuOHlIvfnQwbMcFZeeSGTnyaEEDaVldwbe1Zas_zBvBFt560OVs4__peV7TbdBRbX3XIg4MZQBbuu4ClgEsYhxLiyoCP-alYnAXikK5PoWAvI/s320/bacterium.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b style="background-color: white;">STRUKTUR DI LUAR MEMBRAN SEL</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><b>Cell Wall (Dinding Sel) - </b>pada sel prokariot dan sel tumbuhan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Capsule (kapsul) - </b>hanya pada sel prokariot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Flagella - </b>hanya pada sel prokariot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Pili - </b>hanya pada sel prokariot.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ea9999; line-height: 21px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>SEL HEWAN DAN SEL TUMBUHAN</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbqxvwgG5E75FkFUVb65wKhgqaGmQ1QBCaW4wDySuBuknrPueWUsFl270d2Rmnja8G5IsCZMpYUDmKbCsHdMK6BZ9h7TePApdIPf3zBpl7eyTp1OQfevDcNmb_KyfbRzt-YbG7cO5PkE7S/s1600/Animal20Cell20vs20Plant20Cell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbqxvwgG5E75FkFUVb65wKhgqaGmQ1QBCaW4wDySuBuknrPueWUsFl270d2Rmnja8G5IsCZMpYUDmKbCsHdMK6BZ9h7TePApdIPf3zBpl7eyTp1OQfevDcNmb_KyfbRzt-YbG7cO5PkE7S/s1600/Animal20Cell20vs20Plant20Cell.gif" /></a></div>
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Animal Cell & Plant Cell (source : www.tutorvista.com</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORE ABOUT CELLS, follow these links :</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" target="_blank">CELL (BIOLOGY)</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html" target="_blank">GENETICS CELL</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/5420/cellwhat.html" target="_blank">WHAT IS A CELL?</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>source : various sources</b></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-22510017737842372062012-11-23T22:41:00.001-08:002012-11-24T00:32:07.167-08:00LACTIC ACID BACTERIA (BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT) - MICROBIOLOGY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactobacillus_acidophilus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="124" src="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactobacillus_acidophilus.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Image source : <a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/">http://textbookofbacteriology.net</a> (L. acidophilus)</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Bakteri Asam Laktat (english: <i>Lactic Acid Bacteria</i>)</b> adalah kelompok bakteri yang mampu memfermentasikan <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">glukosa</a> (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">12</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) untuk menghasilkan asam laktat (lactic acid). Umumnya merupakan bakteri Gram positif (Gram-positive), komponen dasar DNA rendah akan Guanin dan Cytosin, berbentuk bulat (coccus) atau batang (bacil), tidak membentuk spora dan umumnya tidak menghasilkan katalase. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Meskipun tidak menghasilkan katalase, bakteri asam laktat memiliki <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" target="_blank"><b>superoxide dismutase</b></a> dan memiliki sarana alternatif untuk mendetoksifikasi radikal peroksida (</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">detoxify peroxide radicals)</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">, umumnya melalui enzim peroksidase (textbookofbacteriology.net)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bakteri asam laktat merupakan bakteri anaerob. Selain dapat tumbuh di lingkungan yang tidak ada oksigen, (tidak seperti bakteri anaerob lain) </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">bakteri asam laktat</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> juga dapat tumbuh di lingkungan yang tersedia oksigen sehingga disebut sebagai <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Aerotolerant" target="_blank">aerotolerant anaerobes</a>. </i>Berdasarkan taksonomi, terdapat 20 genus bakteri yang termasuk bakteri asam laktat, diantaranya adalah <i>Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Aerococcus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Oenococcus, Sporolactobacillus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus </i>dan <i>Weisella.</i></span></div>
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<a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactobacillus_acidophilus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactobacillus_acidophilus.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #18605a; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-align: start;">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #18605a; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-align: start;"> The bacterium is a member of the normal flora of humans, found in the oral cavity, the small intestine, and the vaginal epithelium, where it is thought to play a beneficial role. The organism is generally the first bacterium listed as present in probiotic concoctions. (textbookofbacteriology.net)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Beberapa spesies bakteri asam laktat bersifat patogen pada hewan, terutama beberapa anggota genus <i>Streptococcus. </i><i>Streptococcus pyogenes </i>adalah penyebab utama penyakit pada manusia (radang tenggorokan, pneumonia, etc). </span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg/240px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg/240px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" target="_blank">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> dengan pembesaran 900x. (wikipedia)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Berdasarkan studi genetika, beberapa sifat BAL yang berhubungan dengan fermentasi cenderung disandikan oleh gen-gen di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> (DNA ekstrakromosomal).</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> Sifat-sifat yang dimaksud meliputi produksi </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinase" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="Proteinase">proteinase</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, metabolisme karbohidrat, transpor </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_sitrat" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="Asam sitrat">sitrat</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, produksi eksopolisakarida, produksi bakteriosin, dan resistensi terhadap </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriofag" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="Bakteriofag">bakteriofag</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> DNA plasmid dapat ditransfer antarbakteri dengan beberapa mekanisme, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjugasi" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="Konjugasi">konjugasi</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> yang umum terjadi pada </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Lactococcus</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> sehingga sifat-sifat tersebut dapat menyebar (wikipedia).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Bakteri asam laktat (Lactic Acid Bacteria) merupakan kelompok mikroorganisme yang sangat berperan penting dalam fermentasi makanan. Bakteri asam laktat berkontribusi dalam rasa, tekstur produk fermentasi dan menghambat bakteri pembusuk makanan dengan memproduksi zat-zat yang menghambat pertumbuhan. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Beberapa contoh produk pangan yang memanfaatkan Bakteri Asam Laktat (Lactic Acid Bacteria) :</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Keju</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Mentega</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Yoghurt</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Krim asam (sour cream)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Sosis</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Wine</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Acar mentimun (cucumber pickles)</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b>LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (FERMENTASI ASAM LAKTAT)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Ada dua tipe fermentasi asam laktat, yakni Homolactic Fermentation dan Heterolactic Fermentation. Pada dasarnya, homolactic dan heterolactic fermentation memiliki kesamaan dalam mekanisme pembentukan asam laktat. Kedua tipe fermentasi asam laktat ini dapat dibedakan dari enzim-enzim yang berperan pada proses glikolisis.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/homolactic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/homolactic.jpg" width="195" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b>HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #18605a; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px;">The pathway of homolactic acid fermentation in Lactic Acid Bacteria (see image on the right-side)</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">Under conditions of excess glucose and limited oxygen, homolactic LAB catabolize one mole of glucose in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway to yield two moles of pyruvate. Intracellular redox balance is maintained through the oxidation of NADH, concomitant with pyruvate reduction to lactic acid. This process yields two moles of ATP per glucose consumed. Representative homolactic LAB genera include </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"> and</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"> Pediococcus</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">species. (textbookofbacteriology.net)</span></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/heterolactic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/heterolactic.jpg" width="181" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b>HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #18605a; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px;">The pathway of heterolactic acid fermentation in Lactic Acid Bacteria (see image on the left-side)</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">Heterofermentative LAB utilize the phosphoketolase pathway (pentose phosphate pathway) to dissimilate sugars. One mole of glucose-6-phosphate is initially dehydrogenated to 6-phosphogluconate and subsequently decarboxylated to yield one mole of CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">2</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">. The resulting pentose-5-phosphate is cleaved into one mole glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP) and one mole acetyl phosphate. GAP is further metabolized to lactate as in homofermentation, with the acetyl phosphate reduced to ethanol via acetyl-CoA and acetaldehyde intermediates. Theoretically, end- products (CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">2</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">, lactate and ethanol) are produced in equimolar quantities from the catabolism of one mole of glucose. Obligate heterofermentative LAB include</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Weissella</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">, and certain lactobacilli. (textbookofbacteriology.net)</span></span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">MORE ABOUT LACTIC ACID BACTERIA, follow these links :</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" target="_blank">Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_asam_laktat" target="_blank">Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL)</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactics.html" target="_blank">Lactics</a> (<a href="http://textbookofbacteriology.net/ken_todar.html" target="_blank">Kenneth Todar, Ph.D</a>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><b>source : various sources</b></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-18789340842953894532012-11-18T20:44:00.003-08:002013-06-14T04:45:54.725-07:00PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (ENZIM PROTEOLITIK) - BIOCHEMISTRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.systemicenzymesupport.org/images/enzymes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="http://www.systemicenzymesupport.org/images/enzymes.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Image source : <a href="http://www.systemicenzymesupport.org/">http://www.systemicenzymesupport.org</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Enzim proteolitik (proteolytic enzymes) atau disebut juga Proteinase atau Protease, merupakan kelompok enzim yang mampu memecah rantai panjang molekul protein menjadi molekul-molekul yang lebih kecil disebut peptida (peptides) dan bahkan sampai menjadi komponen-komponen terkecil penyusun protein yang disebut Asam Amino (Amino Acid).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Berdasarkan <i>Nomenclature Comitte of The International Union of Biochemistry, </i>enzim proteolitik digolongkan ke dalam enzim hidrolase.<i> </i></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4doaTRlbr2HbAyhw5bpRMgK6lL4xQWO0pt5p3MrhIOJkkAQP7w1iIHCSPlaEx1WdqtpIVeKZUGkCqY76uPaKjZVPITGlmTMC2Eq-ck-mslu7rdFezU9HsmaWm3pNbkeHv1lBwiFyNh4QP/s1600/PROTEOLYTIC.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4doaTRlbr2HbAyhw5bpRMgK6lL4xQWO0pt5p3MrhIOJkkAQP7w1iIHCSPlaEx1WdqtpIVeKZUGkCqY76uPaKjZVPITGlmTMC2Eq-ck-mslu7rdFezU9HsmaWm3pNbkeHv1lBwiFyNh4QP/s320/PROTEOLYTIC.png" width="273" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada tingkat mikroorganisme, kelompok bakteri proteolitik adalah kelompok bakteri yang mampu menghasilkan enzim proteolitik. </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Beberapa bakteri penghasil proteolitik antara lain genus </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bacillus (B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. stearothermophilus, B. polymixa), Aeromonas, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Streptomyces </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dan </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Staphylococcus. </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Selain bakteri, fungi juga menghasilkan enzim proteolitik, yakni dari genus </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Acremonium, Aspergillus, Candida, Sacharomyces, Fusarium, Mucor </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dan </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Rhizopus </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(Rao dkk, 1998).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Di dalam tubuh manusia enzim proteolitik diproduksi oleh pankreas. Tripsin (trypsin) adalah salah satu enzim yang diproduksi oleh pankreas dan disekresikan dalam keadaan inaktif (inactive). Mekanisme sekresi enzim seperti ini berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya <i>autodigestion pancreas</i> atau untuk melindungi pankreas dari aktivitas proteolitik enzim tersebut.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>PROSES PEMECAHAN PROTEIN MENJADI ASAM AMINO</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYfJMkL7c_6-cxo7q2HseRU-gY2gnQd1er2G_1QQb7teK_soc6tGzcd2XQgTKpCCecXZQPlMMkKnzklIuSSjMxVeCVH7al8vDPBqOXJVlqydQ2e3G5ze3ZdXOF1YNL7ZN7HEkcDt_Uz8Hp/s1600/ProteinCatabolism-Adamx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYfJMkL7c_6-cxo7q2HseRU-gY2gnQd1er2G_1QQb7teK_soc6tGzcd2XQgTKpCCecXZQPlMMkKnzklIuSSjMxVeCVH7al8vDPBqOXJVlqydQ2e3G5ze3ZdXOF1YNL7ZN7HEkcDt_Uz8Hp/s640/ProteinCatabolism-Adamx.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Source : Various Sources</span></b></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-6493215021846999152012-10-21T22:31:00.000-07:002012-10-21T22:38:41.531-07:00AMOEBA - MICROBIOLOGY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimshRvjmgqwIJVYZaNdgS8wU1df30Tfwco37vKwSaqKYAV0LqjRZwRp2nS8mlQb0a5fJMOgbIaa5ELvTlB8B_bbMDcPlXMlpwWCjCLAMOOMifJpe0klz-49E4V9LBQbNuuAtMKGZf1jr9n/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimshRvjmgqwIJVYZaNdgS8wU1df30Tfwco37vKwSaqKYAV0LqjRZwRp2nS8mlQb0a5fJMOgbIaa5ELvTlB8B_bbMDcPlXMlpwWCjCLAMOOMifJpe0klz-49E4V9LBQbNuuAtMKGZf1jr9n/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Amoeba adalah makhluk mikroskopis yang terdiri dari satu sel (unicellular). Seperti sebagian besar sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan, sel amoeba juga memiliki sitoplasma (cytoplasm), nukleus (nucleus), membran sel (cell membrane) dan ectoplasm dan endoplasma (bagian dari sitoplasma). Menurut klasifikasi Protozoa berdasarkan alat geraknya, amoeba termasuk ke dalam kelas <i>Rhizopoda </i>atau <i>Sarcodina (protozoa yang bergerak menggunakan Pseudopodia).</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">CLASSIFICATION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Domain : Eukaryota</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Kingdom : Protista</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Phylum : Tubulinea</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Order : Tubulinida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Family : Amoebidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Amoeba</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bory_de_Saint-Vincent" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;" title="Bory de Saint-Vincent">Bory de Saint-Vincent</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">, 1822</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;"><i>Source : wikipedia</i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;"><i><br /></i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Beberapa jenis <i>Amoeba </i>bersifat patogen pada manusia (pathogenic to humans), menyebabkan penyakit seperti <b>Amoebic Meningitis</b>, tapi sebagian besar tidak membahayakan, hidup di sistem percernaan manusia atau hidup di kulit dan memakan sel-sel yang mati. Meskipun species <i>Amoeba </i>yang paling dikenal, <i>Amoeba proteus </i>hanya<i> </i>berdiameter sekitar 700 microns, lain hal dengan Amoeba dubia (<i>Polychaos dubium</i>)<i> </i>yang dapat mencapai ukuran diameter 0.039 inches (1 milimeter) yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang tanpa bantuan mikroskop. Amoeba pertama kali ditemukan oleh August von Rosenhof pada tahun 1755, menggunakan mikroskop sederhana.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS</span></b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Eukaryota</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Unicellular (bersel satu)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Bergerak menggunakan Pseudopodia (kaki semu) yang merupakan julur-julur sitoplasma.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Hidup bebas, di tanah atau tempat berair yang mengandung zat organik.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Berkembang biak dengan cara pembelahan biner (binary fission)</span></span></li>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">STRUCTURES</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1KEMNcCeNhpj3OJGS-COv1hA33mWnMHcwBMHfTxxE1RwJoTYtIUnKQHaj79iNXmk7oVHFOPnm7ib7mqDcghgJJ7piiVQcuA35Z2mdy0XRX_q2N6GWje4nwFTAnsOk4oitdnC0kPSiDWv/s1600/003+Structure+of+an+amoeba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1KEMNcCeNhpj3OJGS-COv1hA33mWnMHcwBMHfTxxE1RwJoTYtIUnKQHaj79iNXmk7oVHFOPnm7ib7mqDcghgJJ7piiVQcuA35Z2mdy0XRX_q2N6GWje4nwFTAnsOk4oitdnC0kPSiDWv/s1600/003+Structure+of+an+amoeba.jpg" /></a></div>
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Structure of an <i>Amoeba </i>(source: <a href="http://www.infovisual.info/02/003_en.html" target="_blank">www.infovisual.info</a>)</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Seluruh organel dan sitoplasma dalam sel <i>Amoeba </i>deselubungi oleh membran sel (cell membrane).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Cell Membrane (membran sel) - </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">mengatur keluar masuknya zat dari dan ke sitoplasma.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Cytoplasm (sitoplasma)</b></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> - sitoplasma pada <i>Amoeba </i>terdiri dari <b>Ectoplasm (ektoplasma) </b>sitoplasma bagian luar yang bersifat cair & <b>Endoplasm (endoplasma)</b> sitoplasma bagian dalam yang bersifat pekat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nucleus (nukleus; inti sel)</span></b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> - mengontrol sebagian besar reaksi yang terjadi di dalam sel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contractile Vacuole (vakuola kontraktil)</span></b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> - mengatur kadar air dalam sitoplasma; saat konsentrasi zat terlarut dalam sitoplasma lebih tinggi daripada air di sekitarnya, air cenderung masuk ke dalam sitoplasma secara osmosis melalui membran sel yang permeabel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pseudopodium (pseudopodia; kaki semu)</span></b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> - alat gerak </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Amoeba</i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> yang merupakan juluran sitoplasmsa.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Food Vacuole (vakuola makanan)</span></b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> - mencerna makanan dan ekskresi sisa percernaan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">PHAGOCYTOSIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Amoeba </i>bersifat heterotrof (tidak bisa memproduksi makanan sendiri) dan memperoleh makanan dengan cara memasukan mikroorganisme lain (seperti alga uniseluler dan bakteri) ke dalam selnya menggunakan gerakan pseudopodia kemudian makanan tersebut dicerna di dalam Food Vacuole (vakuola makanan) dengan bantuan enzim yang disekresikan sitoplasma, proses memangsa makanan ini disebut <i><b>phagocytosis (fagositosis)</b>.</i></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/W6rnhiMxtKU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<b>REPRODUCTION</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68yRrET1DTrpw53aw7Q4eVvhbCGZDHBXzzFHhyzgEM4uS_I8kqL2W0GazH2m_XII-ueXQwIHV7X_bYa1SOpVrkFtwOrwbrce3ocBlc9Veipq239426xE6Xd0dveY_YRJoXLdZd-sBfX98/s1600/Amoeba+binary+fission.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68yRrET1DTrpw53aw7Q4eVvhbCGZDHBXzzFHhyzgEM4uS_I8kqL2W0GazH2m_XII-ueXQwIHV7X_bYa1SOpVrkFtwOrwbrce3ocBlc9Veipq239426xE6Xd0dveY_YRJoXLdZd-sBfX98/s320/Amoeba+binary+fission.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Amoeba </i>bereproduksi secara vegetatif, yakni dengan cara pembelahan biner (binary fission).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>1.</b> Amoeba berhenti bergerak | <i>Amoeba stops moving.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>2.</b> Nucleus mulai membelah | <i>The nucleus begins to divide.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>3.</b> Nucleus telah terbelah dan sitoplasma siap-siap melakukan pembelahan | <i>The nucleus has divided and cytoplasm starts to divide.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>4 & 5.</b> Pembelahan sitoplasma | <i>divide the cytoplasm</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>6.</b> Amoeba terbelah menjadi 2 individu baru | <i>amoeba has separated</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Siklus hidup <i>Amoeba </i>membutuhkan waktu antara 45 sampai 100 jam, tergantung pola makan. </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Belum ada bukti reproduksi seksual terjadi pada spesies </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Amoeba.</i></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Saat </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Amoeba </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berada di lingkungan yang tidak sesuai, </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Amoeba </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">akan membentuk kista untuk menyelubungi selnya sampai kondisi lingkungannya membaik (mirip seperti hibernasi).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Sources : various sources</b></span></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-80377948941461926832012-10-20T02:18:00.003-07:002013-06-20T20:40:33.210-07:00GLYCOLYSIS (GLIKOLISIS) - BIOCHEMISTRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3E8qYb3QoegbElP_ThEh4HsLhREn_vk6MWzOLjvnK1JwaF5NKcymDbRs8KMo7TbyL6s_oT2aleH9G4OXtZEpb9_QHEpcFlPbm81JkHEgGPG07qOClxY-D267-wbolt_ad4MI2V8Z9LHJN/s1600/glucose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3E8qYb3QoegbElP_ThEh4HsLhREn_vk6MWzOLjvnK1JwaF5NKcymDbRs8KMo7TbyL6s_oT2aleH9G4OXtZEpb9_QHEpcFlPbm81JkHEgGPG07qOClxY-D267-wbolt_ad4MI2V8Z9LHJN/s200/glucose.jpg" width="178" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Glikolisis (Glycolysis = Glucose + Lysis) adalah proses pemecahan molekul Glucose (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">12</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) menjadi 2 molekul Asam Piruvat (</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOOH</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) dengan masing-masing 3 rantai carbon (C) yang terjadi di sitoplasma (cytoplasm). Glikolisis merupakan tahap awal dari <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Respirasi Sel (Cellular Respiration)</span></b></a> dan menghasilkan 4 ATP dan 2 NADH.</span></div>
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Pada fase awal dibutuhkan 2 ATP untuk mengubah molekul <b>Glucose</b> (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">12</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub>) menjadi <b>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate</b> dan dengan bantuan enzim Aldolase molekul Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate dipecah menjadi 2 molekul PGAL atau <b>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</b>. 2 Molekul Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate inilah yang nantinya akan diubah menjadi 2 molekul Pyruvic Acid atau Asam Piruvat (<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOOH</span>).<br />
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Berikut persamaan reaksi Glikolisis berdasarkan lintasan EMP (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas) :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqxS13Pv_u_G5ZnRXsvrgw-ui8xJM1PtF9XWbKfQT0-ntvYyV06OCstdKym7DAd5ur_ohWg1p0Hp57S6vfeakEMP52t9swDXuoHrTHVBWqlq0eyxVDOYJUbYQo_wuxBy6GcWFh_oDRzgpy/s1600/Glycolysis.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqxS13Pv_u_G5ZnRXsvrgw-ui8xJM1PtF9XWbKfQT0-ntvYyV06OCstdKym7DAd5ur_ohWg1p0Hp57S6vfeakEMP52t9swDXuoHrTHVBWqlq0eyxVDOYJUbYQo_wuxBy6GcWFh_oDRzgpy/s1600/Glycolysis.PNG" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Glycolysis (wikipedia)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvOilh7ogh8178cOPelt_NsHwY-tZiq7gZ_FBRDX8WrQPBdN2Aac9H2eNkHPyVQPMxQBGbwyF4ALRTflyFTgpdPIucUx5U0VP9BoFP-ps6wqhnSLpc16xsDkQgcvrqhNdSdBJhPNsH5PHh/s1600/GLYCOL.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvOilh7ogh8178cOPelt_NsHwY-tZiq7gZ_FBRDX8WrQPBdN2Aac9H2eNkHPyVQPMxQBGbwyF4ALRTflyFTgpdPIucUx5U0VP9BoFP-ps6wqhnSLpc16xsDkQgcvrqhNdSdBJhPNsH5PHh/s400/GLYCOL.GIF" width="296" /></a></div>
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<b>TAHAP-TAHAP GLIKOLISIS</b></div>
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<b>1. Phosphorylation of Glucose (Fosforilasi Glukosa)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Enzim </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">hexokinase</i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> menggunakan 1 ATP mem-fosforilasi glucose, pada proses ini satu gugus phosphate dari ATP ditransfer ke molekul glucose (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">12</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub>) dan menghasilkan Glucose 6-phosphate (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">11</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">P</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub>).</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Glucose + Hexokinase + ATP ---> Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP</span></b></div>
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<b>2. Conversion of Glucose 6-phophate to Fructose 6-phosphate (Pengubahan Glucose 6-phosphate menjadi Fructose 6-phosphate)</b></div>
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Enzim <i>phosphoglucoisomerase</i> mengubah molekul Glucose 6-phosphate menjadi bentuk isomernya, yakni Fructose 6-phosphate. (isomer = formula molekulnya sama tetapi susunan atom pada setiap molekulnya berbeda)</div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Glucose 6-phosphate + Phosphoglucoisomerase ---> Fructose 6-phosphate</span></b></div>
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<b>3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate (Fosforilasi Fructose 6-phosphate)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Enzim </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">phosphofructokinase </i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">menggunakan 1 ATP lagi untuk mem-fosforilasi Fructose 6-phosphate, satu gugus phosphate ditransfer dari ATP ke molekul Fructose 6-phosphate dan membentuk Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">10</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">P</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sub>).</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Fructose 6-phosphate + Phosphofructokinase + ATP ---> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP</span></b></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notes : pada tahap 1 - 3 dibutuhkan 2 ATP untuk mengubah molekul <span style="color: #cc0000;">Glucose</span> menjadi <span style="color: #cc0000;">Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate</span></span></i></b></div>
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<b>4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate split (Penguraian Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)</b></div>
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Enzim <i>Aldolase </i>mengurai Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate menjadi 2 molekul gula (2 three-carbon molecules of sugar) yang isomer satu sama lain, yakni Dihydroxyacetone phosphate dan Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. </div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + Aldolase ---> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</span></b></div>
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<b>5. Interkonversi Triosa Fosfat</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Karena yang dibutuhkan adalah 2 molekul Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate maka dengan bantuan enzim </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">triosephosphate isomerase</i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">, molekul Dihydroxyacetone phosphate diubah menjadi Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">5</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">P</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub>)(Dihydroxyacetone phosphate merupakan isomer dari Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Dihydroxyacetone phophate ---> Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</span></b></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notes: hasil bersih dari tahap 4 - 5 adalah <span style="color: #cc0000;">2 molekul Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</span></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><br /></span></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Langkah <span style="color: #cc0000;">6 - 10</span> terjadi pada kedua molekul Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (terjadi 2 kali)</span></b></div>
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<b>6. Form the High-Energy Compounds I (Pembentukan Senyawa Berenergi Tinggi I)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Enzim </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Triosephosphate dehydrogenase </i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">mempunyai dua fungsi pada tahap ini. <b>Pertama</b>, enzim </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Triosephosphate dehydrogenase </i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">mentransfer Hydrogen <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">(H</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">-</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">) </span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">dari Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ke Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (</span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">NAD</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; color: #333333; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">+</sup></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">) untuk membentuk NADH. </span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Selanjutnya,</b> <i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Triosephosphate Dehydrogenase </i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">menambahkan satu gugus phosphate dari cytosol ke molekul Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate untuk membentuk 1,3-bisphophoglycerate.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Triosephosphate dehydrogenase + </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">+ </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">NAD</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">+</sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> ---> NADH + </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">+</sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + P + Triosephosphate dehydrogenase ---> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>7. Substrate-level Phosphorylation I (Fosforilasi Tingkat Subtrat I)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Enzim <i>phosphoglycerokinase </i>mentransfer satu gugus phosphate dari molekul 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ke ADP untuk membentuk ATP. Dari proses ini terbentuk 3-phosphoglycerate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + phosphoglycerokinase + ADP ---> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>8. Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate (Pengubahan 3-phosphoglycerate menjadi 2-phosphoglycerate)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Enzim <i>Phosphoglyceromutase </i>memindahkan posisi phosphate (pada molekul 3-phosphoglycerate) dari Carbon ke-3 ke Carbon ke-2 untuk membentuk 2-phosphoglycerate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>3-phosphoglycerate + Phosphoglyceromutase ---> 2-phosphoglycerate</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>9. </b></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Form the High-Energy Compounds II (Pembentukan Senyawa Berenergi Tinggi II)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Enzim <i>Enolase </i>melepaskan 1 molekul air (H2O) dari 2-phosphoglycerate, sehingga terbentuk phosphoenolpyruvate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">2-phosphoglycerate + Enolase ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate + Water</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">10. </b><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Substrate-level Phosphorylation II (Fosforilasi Tingkat Subtrat II)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Enzim <i>Pyruvatekinase </i>mentransfer satu gugus phosphate dari molekul Phosphoenolpyruvate ke ADP untuk membentuk ATP, pada proses ini dihasilkan Pyruvate (CH3COCOO-).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Phosphoenolpyruvate + Pyruvatekinase + ADP ---> Pyruvate + ATP</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2<b> <span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">+</sup></span></span> </b>yang dihasilkan pada tahap 6 akan bereaksi dengan<b> <span style="color: #cc0000;">Pyruvate (</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOO</span><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">−</sup></span></b><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">)</span> </b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dan membentuk</span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">Pyruvic Acid atau Asam Piruvat (</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOOH</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.316666603088379px; text-align: left;">).</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13.300000190734863px;"><b>SUMMARY</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13.300000190734863px;">Glycolysis merupakan proses penguraian satu molekul glucose (</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">C</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">12</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="background-color: white; bottom: -0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 13.300000190734863px;">) menjadi 2 molekul Pyruvic Acid atau Asam Piruvat (</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOOH</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 13.300000190734863px;">) memerlukan 2 ATP dan 2 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">NAD</span><sup style="background-color: white; bottom: 0.5em; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">+ </sup><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">untuk menghasilkan 4 ATP dan 2 NADH. Namun jumlah ATP bersih yang dihasilkan dari Glycolysis ini hanya 2 ATP, karena 2 dari 4 ATP yang dihasilkan akan digunakan kembali untuk proses glycolysis berikutnya. Jadi hasil bersih dari Glycolysis ini adalah 2 molekul Pyruvic Acid atau Asam Piruvat (</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">CH</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 1em; text-align: left;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">COCOOH), 2 ATP dan 2 NADH. Proses ini berlangsung di Sitoplasma (Cytoplasm) dan merupakan proses awal dari <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Respirasi Sel (Cellular Respiration)</span></b></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/cellular-respiration-respirasi-sel_19.html" target="_blank">CELLULAR RESPIRATION</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> <span style="color: #073763;">Glycolysis (anaerobic)</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b> </b></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate.html">Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html" target="_blank">Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (aerobic)</a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763; line-height: 20px;"><b> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/electron-transport-system-sistem.html" target="_blank">Electron Transport System (aerobic)</a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">-Adamx</span></span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-39374209899670042852012-10-19T04:05:00.003-07:002013-06-20T20:37:28.962-07:00CELLULAR RESPIRATION (RESPIRASI SEL) - BIOCHEMISTRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Cellular respiration atau respirasi sel secara sederhana dapat diartikan sebagai perombakan glukosa menjadi energy. Diawali dengan 1 molekul Glukosa dan 6 molekul Oksigen, melalui respirasi sel dan menghasilkan 6 molekul Karbondioksida, 6 molekul Air dan 38 ATP (Adenosin Trifosfat), dalam bentuk 38 ATP inilah energi yang nantinya akan kita gunakan untuk melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari maupun untuk metabolisme-metabolisme seluler di dalam tubuh. Ada 3 proses dalam respirasi sel, yakni :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1. Glycolysis (Glikolisis) terjadi secara anaerobic,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2. Kreb's Cycle (Siklus Kreb) terjadi secara aerobic, dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3. Electron Transport Chain (Sistem Transpor Elektron) terjadi secara aerobic.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">GLYCOLYSIS (GLIKOLISIS)</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Pada proses awal ini, 1 molekul glukosa (C6H12O6) dipecah atau diuraikan menjadi 2 molekul asam piruvat (CH3COCOOH) dan menghasilkan 4 ATP serta 2 NADH. Namun jumlah ATP bersih yang dihasilkan dari proses glikolisis ini hanya 2 ATP, karena 2 dari 4 ATP yang dihasilkan akan digunakan kembali dalam proses glikolisis selanjutnya. <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/10/glycolysis-glikolisis-biochemistry.html" target="_blank">Click here for more about Glycolysis!</a></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate.html">Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sebelum masuk ke siklus krebs atau siklus asam sitrat, piruvat dioksidasi menjadi Acetyl-CoA dan CO2 oleh <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex-pdc.html" target="_blank">pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)</a>. </i>PDC mengandung banyak salinan dari tiga enzim (pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, dehydrolipoyl dehydrogenase), berada di mitokondria pada sel eukariotik dan di sitosol pada sel prokariotik. Pada proses pengubahan piruvat menjadi Acetyl-CoA, satu molekul NADH dan satu molekul CO2 terbentuk. <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate.html">Click here for more about Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate !</a></i></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html" target="_blank">KREBS CYCLE (SIKLUS KREBS)</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Saat tersedianya Oksigen, asam piruvat (CH3COCOOH) yang dihasilkan dari proses Glikolisis melalui Dekarboksilasi Oksidatif menghasilkan <b>acetyl-CoA </b>dengan bantuan enzim piruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Acetyl-CoA inilah yang nantinya akan diproses menjadi Asam Sitrat dan menghasilkan 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 dan 2 ATP. <i><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/citric-acid-cycle-siklus-asam-sitrat.html" target="_blank">Click here for more info about KREBS CYCLE!</a></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/electron-transport-system-sistem.html" target="_blank">ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Electron Transport System atau Sistem Transpor Elektron merupakan proses akhir dalam respirasi sel setelah Glikolisis dan Siklus Kreb. Proses ini juga biasa dikenal sebagai proses Oxydative Phosphorylation (Fosforilasi Oksidatif). Hasil akhir dari sistem transpor elektron ini adalah 34 ATP dan 6 molekul air (H2O).<i> <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2013/06/electron-transport-system-sistem.html" target="_blank">Click here for more info about Electron Transport System !</a></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Cellular Respiration</span></b></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-51569338548991136352012-06-15T05:03:00.000-07:002012-10-19T03:07:26.202-07:00ORCA THE KILLER WHALE (Orcinus orca)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i>Materi Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata V Mammals</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Data Deficient (DD)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Killer whale atau orca (<i>Orcinus orca </i>) merupakan species terbesar di keluarga lumba-lumba dan dipercayai sebagai mamalia dengan penyebaran terluas kedua setelah manusia. Meskipun namanya Killer Whale (paus pembunuh), orca berada dalam family yang berbeda dengan paus-paus lain (Balaenopteridae, Balaenidae, Neobalaenidae, Eschrichtiidae</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) melainkan masuk ke dalam family Delphinidae (dolphins/lumba-lumba).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Phylum : Chordata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Phylum : Vertebrata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Class : Mammalia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Order : Cetacea</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Order : Odontoceti</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Family : Delphinidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Orcinus</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Species : <i>Orcinus orca</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SPECIES DESCRIPTION</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Panjang tubuh orca antara 6-8 m dengan berat 7-10 ton untuk jantan dan 5-7 m dengan berat 4-6 ton untuk betina (on averages). Ukuran setiap individu bervariasi pada setiap area yang berbeda. Kolorasi atau pewarnaan tubuh orca adalah kombinasi antara hitam dan putih. Permukaan dorsal dan sirip dorsal (dorsal fin) berwarna hitam kecuali bagian <i>saddle patch </i>(di belakang sirip dorsal) yang berwarna abu-abu. Bagian ventral tubuhnya mulai dari rahang bawah sampai ke genital area dan permukaan ventral ekor berwarna putih. <i>Eye patch </i>atau<i> eyespot </i>berwarna putih umumnya berbentuk oval berada di atas belakang matanya. Pewarnaan tubuh yang unik ini meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam berburu. Warna hitam di bagian dorsal bercampur dengan kedalaman laut apabila dilihat dari atas, sedangkan warna putih di bagian ventral bercampur dengan cahaya apabila dilihat dari bawah. Hal ini menyebabkab mangsa sulit mengetahui keberadaannya. Permukaan ventral pada bayi orca (calve) tidak berwarna putih melainkan berwarna orange. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sirip pectoral (pectoral fins) berbentuk membulat, tersusun atas tulang seperti pada mamalia darat, namun memendek dan termodifikasi dengan keberadaan jaringan ikat yang padat dan kartilago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sirip dorsal (dorsal fin) dan sirip ekor (flukes) tersusun atas jaringan ikat yang padat, tidak terdapat tulang sejati ataupun tulang lunak. Sirip dorsal dapat tumbuh tegak atau membengkok pada bagian ujung. Sirip dorsal jantan dewasa tegak dapat mencapai tinggi 1.8 m, sedangkan untuk betina hanya dapat mencapai kurang lebih 0.9 m lancip dan melengkung pada bagian ujung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>male dorsal fin (left) & female dorsal fin (right)</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada era 1970-an dan
1980-an, penelitian di lepas pantai barat Kanada dan Amerika Serikat
mengidentifikasi tiga tipe Killer Whale berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">RESIDENTS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kelompok <i>residents </i>ini adalah kelompok yang
paling sering terlihat di perairan pantai pasifik timur laut. Mangsa utamanya
adalah ikan (ex : salmon) dan terkadang cumi-cumi. Residents hidup berkelompok
yang disebut Pods. Kelompok ini mengunjungi wilayah yang sama secara <i>konsisten. </i>Residents juga terkadang
berenang berdampingan dengan mamalia laut lain, seperti anjing laut dan singa
laut yang mana anjing laut dan singa laut ini merupakan mangsa utama dari
Transients.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">TRANSIENTS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Mangsa utama kelompok <i>transients </i>ini adalah mammalia laut lain
seperti anjing laut, mereka tidak memangsa ikan. Umumnya Transients hidup dalam
kelompok kecil, biasanya hanya 2 – 6 ekor dalam satu kelompok. Kelompok ini
berkeliaran sepanjang pantai samudera pasifik, beberapa individu telah terlihat
di selatan Alaska dan California.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">OFFSHORES<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Populasi ketiga dari Killer
Whale di Pasifik timur laut, ditemukan pada tahun 1988 saat seorang peneliti
Humpback Whale (paus bungkuk) mengamati mereka di perairan terbuka. Seperti
namanya, mereka melakukan perjalanan jauh dari pantai, paling tidak sejauh </span><span class="hps"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 115%;">4.435</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 115%;">km</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">. Offshores biasanya berkumpul dalam kelompok dengan 20
– 70 individu dan sesekali dengan kelompok yang lebih besar sampai 200 ekor.
Saat ini, sedikit yang diketahui tentang kebiasaan mereka, tetapi mereka
berbeda secara genetika dari <i>residents </i>dan<i> transients. </i>Offshores tampak lebih
kecil dari kelompok Killer Whale yang lain, namun mereka melakukan perburuan
dengan kelompok besar dan mampu menyerang dan memangsa hiu dan paus. Offshores
memiliki kesamaan genetic dan morfologis dengan Residents. Offshores paling
sering terlihat di pesisir pantai Vancouver Island dan di dekat Queen Charlotte
Islands.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjHmKJTo7JzaGh3TKqzVQ-2R4gFDI7LQsgYXFyhYNwfpN8-lm3VpBM4HlSxKKFbwzGQqgiCZn2nW-ccX0UHZgOJmM5eznL5djmH6LK4xBytcX-7lR8QztaaZo5m-MhQc0Y85tlG05a-I-/s1600/ORCASS.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjHmKJTo7JzaGh3TKqzVQ-2R4gFDI7LQsgYXFyhYNwfpN8-lm3VpBM4HlSxKKFbwzGQqgiCZn2nW-ccX0UHZgOJmM5eznL5djmH6LK4xBytcX-7lR8QztaaZo5m-MhQc0Y85tlG05a-I-/s1600/ORCASS.PNG" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Transients
dan Residents tinggal di area yang sama, namun saling menghindari satu sama
lain. Nama “Transient” berasal dari kepercayaan bahwa kelompok ini merupakan ‘<i>buangan</i>’ dari kelompok Residents yang
lebih besar. <i> </i>Para peneliti kemudian menemukan bahwa
Transients tidak dilahirkan dalam kelompok Residents dan sebaliknya.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTebXkrR00UuKjD7wQQqLOJWx5xZOPKHcdZFxVCCQ59chtAh7Dh6O8V7Kt_7J_ExbR5lY56lnHqHm1wEqH1AH8Vzj4PUOK5jUkp1xPAS-B_PUOKfbXwwOYlvnPdEEBuTJ8aeDYVIrnrkPc/s1600/Killer_Whale_Types.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTebXkrR00UuKjD7wQQqLOJWx5xZOPKHcdZFxVCCQ59chtAh7Dh6O8V7Kt_7J_ExbR5lY56lnHqHm1wEqH1AH8Vzj4PUOK5jUkp1xPAS-B_PUOKfbXwwOYlvnPdEEBuTJ8aeDYVIrnrkPc/s400/Killer_Whale_Types.jpg" width="288" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">VARIATIONS IN KILLER WHALE<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Type A<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tipe ini merupakan tipe
khas dari Killer Whale, berukuran besar, berwarna hitam dan putih dengan <i>eye patch </i>berukuran sedang sejajar
dengan body axis. Hidup di perairan terbuka dan makanannya sebagian besar
adalah Minke Whales (<i>Balaenoptera
acutorostrata </i>dan <i>Balaenoptera
bonaerensis</i>).</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Type B<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pack ice killer whale from
Antarctic. Tipe ini berukuran lebih kecil dari <b>A</b>, namun memiliki <i>eye patch </i>yang
lebih besar. Bagian gelap tubuhnya berwarna keabu-abuan bukan hitam dan bagian
yang berwarna putih bernoda sedikit kuning. Makanannya sebagian besar adalah
anjing laut (seals).</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Type C<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ross Sea killer whale from
Antarctic. Seperti tipe B, bagian gelap tubuhnya agak keabu-abuan. Makanan
utamanya adalah Antarctic Cod (Cod Antartika). <i>Eye patch </i>nya berukuran kecil dan posisinya miring tidak sejajar
dengan body axis seperti <i>eye patch </i>pada
tipe A dan B. umumnya ditemukan di lepas Antartica Timur dan Ross Sea.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Type D</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Tipe D diidentifikasi berdasarkan foto killer whale yang terdampar di Selandia Baru (New Zealand) pada tahun 1955. Dapat segera dikenali denga eye patch yang berukuran sangat kecil, sirip dorsal (dorsal fin) lebih pendek dari yang biasa, dam kepalanya yang bulat (mirip dengan kepala Pilot Whale). Belum diketahui mengenai makanan dari tipe D ini.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>RESPIRATORY SYSTEM</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sistem pernapasan Orca juga mirip dengan manusia. Namun letak lubang hidung tidak di tengah-tengah wajahnya, melainkan di bagian atas kepalanya. Seperti manusia, sebelum menyelam, Orca menghirup udara terlebih dahulu dan menahannya di dalam paru-paru. Saat muncul dari kedalaman air, beberapa meter sebelum mencapai ke permukaan, Orca akan menghembuskan udara dengan kuat melalui lubang udaranya.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZydtG4FK5G8LPg2rUkMoB4JmWchbXv6vkBD8_EanffBTu1QmhJzdUxhE3iSJgUfUZFN7tfIgEng_i14zAM3ilNlV6l7-G9-E013PNCji9Pr-eiRnw2-pPVyC_weP2GPwzVea5xo_DkLh/s1600/Orca-coming-up-to-surface.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZydtG4FK5G8LPg2rUkMoB4JmWchbXv6vkBD8_EanffBTu1QmhJzdUxhE3iSJgUfUZFN7tfIgEng_i14zAM3ilNlV6l7-G9-E013PNCji9Pr-eiRnw2-pPVyC_weP2GPwzVea5xo_DkLh/s320/Orca-coming-up-to-surface.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>REPRODUCTION</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kematangan reproduksi untuk Orca jantan adalah setelah mencapai ukuran 5.5 - 6.1 meter atau berumur kira-kira 10 - 13 tahun. Sedangkan untuk betina setelah mencapai ukuran 4.6 - 4.9 meter atau berumur 6 - 10 tahun. Secara alami, lingkungan sangat mempengaruhi keberhasilan perkawinan pejantan. Pejantan dapat tidak sukses dalam bereproduksi hingga mereka lebih tua, lebih besar dan lebih kompeten dibandingkan dengan pejantan lain. Orca bersifat poligami, pejantan bisa saja memiliki beberapa pasangan. Perkawinan dapat terjadi pada berbagai musim, namun paling sering adalah pada musim panas. Di samudera Atlantik bagian utara, perkawinan terjadi sekitar bulan Oktober dan November. Di samudera Pasifik bagian barat kemungkinan terjadi pada bulan Mei dan Juni. Masa kehamilan Orca adalah selama 17 bulan, setiap kali melahirkan, keturunan yang dihasilkan hanya seekor saja.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Killer Whale atau Orca (<i>Orcinus orca</i>) dapat ditemukan di semua lautan di dunia dan dipercaya sebagai mamalia dengan penyebaran terluas kedua setelah manusia (<i>Homo </i>sapiens).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSIwW3nC1BN3i4s98aM0BmzPggadKoJmPeYmsAGmVMK4Xn7vVzUPtVjQvcm68LQHXtatuve5BdrZkZEjb-Xb9fYyQj_Hh_4uOcyCkkTi24Rcd9XLptUR5JceU1zIXbp4jS1a8bpULvoDB1/s1600/photo4088.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSIwW3nC1BN3i4s98aM0BmzPggadKoJmPeYmsAGmVMK4Xn7vVzUPtVjQvcm68LQHXtatuve5BdrZkZEjb-Xb9fYyQj_Hh_4uOcyCkkTi24Rcd9XLptUR5JceU1zIXbp4jS1a8bpULvoDB1/s400/photo4088.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #464545; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Killer whales can be found
in all oceans of the world, but concentrations are usually found in high
latitude areas.</span></div>
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Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-66155553178764695802012-05-21T22:15:00.001-07:002012-05-22T04:40:05.431-07:00Indonesian Fauna Facts (Fakta Fauna Indonesia)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsytzv8xx8eaqBPKRJOpkTPSpIR5KLraVAKW-JOAQv7DXA8-bpmVbvL_1O4Opb_8dENj-yyWwotUPwJfOu5rhdiGzPK7HPcYSXdonuZXNoU6_oZepY6Ox6fDPTiOPhuIW4jizOTorgOuWV/s1600/kalimantan+rainforest2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsytzv8xx8eaqBPKRJOpkTPSpIR5KLraVAKW-JOAQv7DXA8-bpmVbvL_1O4Opb_8dENj-yyWwotUPwJfOu5rhdiGzPK7HPcYSXdonuZXNoU6_oZepY6Ox6fDPTiOPhuIW4jizOTorgOuWV/s1600/kalimantan+rainforest2.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image : Bornean Rainforest (</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">animalplantsrainforest.blogspot.com</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Indonesia terkenal akan keanekaragaman hayati yang luar biasa (great biodiversity). Terdapat 50 taman nasional yang tersebar di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku dan Papua. Diperkirakan 300,000 species hewan mendiami alam Indonesia, setara dengan 17% dari keseluruhan species hewan yang ada di Bumi. Indonesia memiliki 515 species mammalia (lebih banyak dari negara-negara lain), 1,539 species burung dan 50% dari semua species ikan di Bumi dapat ditemukan di perairan laut dan air tawar Indonesia. <i>International Union for Conservation of Nature </i>(IUCN, 2003) mendata 147 species mammalia, 114 species burung dan 91 species ikan yang ada di Indonesia sudah terancam punah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Perdagangan satwa liar merupakan ancaman yang serius bagi kelangsungan hidup banyak species di Indonesia. Lebih dari 95% satwa yang dijual di pasar diambil langsung dari habitatnya, bukan merupakan hasil penangkaran dan lebih dari 20%-nya mati dalam perjalanan. Ironis memang, species yang terancam punah dan dilindungi diperjualbelikan dengan bebas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>OTHER FACTS</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chelonia_mydas_is_going_for_the_air.jpg/220px-Chelonia_mydas_is_going_for_the_air.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chelonia_mydas_is_going_for_the_air.jpg/220px-Chelonia_mydas_is_going_for_the_air.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada 1999, sekitar 27,000 penyu dibunuh setiap tahunnya untuk dijadikan sate di Bali dan cangkangnya digunakan untuk membuat ornamen dan cendera mata murah bagi wisatawan. </span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kepin_-_Kevin_taking_a_nap.jpg/220px-Kepin_-_Kevin_taking_a_nap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kepin_-_Kevin_taking_a_nap.jpg/220px-Kepin_-_Kevin_taking_a_nap.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Setiap tahun, 1,000 Orangutan Kalimantan (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) diselundupkan ke pulau Jawa dan luar negeri. Untuk mengambil bayi orangutan, pemburu akan membunuh induknya terlebih dahulu. Setidaknya satu orangutan mati untuk setiap bayi orangutan yang diambil.</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trachypithecus_auratus-Mother_and_baby.jpg/220px-Trachypithecus_auratus-Mother_and_baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trachypithecus_auratus-Mother_and_baby.jpg/220px-Trachypithecus_auratus-Mother_and_baby.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sekitar 2,500 Lutung Jawa atau Javanese Ebony Langur (</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Trachypithecus auratus</i>) diburu setiap tahunnya untuk perdagangan satwa ilegal dan untuk diambil dagingnya.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agilegibbon.jpg/220px-Agilegibbon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agilegibbon.jpg/220px-Agilegibbon.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Setidaknya 3,000 siamang (Gibbons) diburu setiap tahun untuk perdagangan satwa liar dalam negeri yang akan diselundupkan ke luar negeri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">40% hewan liar yang terperangkap mati sebagai akibat dari kekejaman selama mereka ditangkap dan perderitaan karena kandang yang sempit serta makanan dan air yang kurang layak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">60% hewan yang diperdagangkan di pasar satwa liar merupakan species langka dan dilindungi oleh hukum.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b>70% hewan yang dipelihara sebagai hewan peliharaan menderita masalah fisik dan perilaku</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-many-species-are-we-losing.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">HOW MANY SPECIES ARE LOSING?</span>click here</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b>Ironis bukan? </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b>STOP BIODIVERSITY LOSS!</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b>SAVE OUR SPECIES :)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"><b>REFERENCES</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;">___________. <i>Facts About Indonesian Animals. </i>Downloaded from </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.profauna.org/content/en/indonesian_animal_facts.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://www.profauna.org/</a> on May 22, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">___________. <i>Gibbon. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 22, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">___________. <i>Javan Lutung. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_lutung" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 22, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">___________. <i>Bornean Orangutan. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 22, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">___________. <i>Turtle. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 22, 2012.</span></span></div>
</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-62458914911967175362012-05-18T04:01:00.000-07:002012-05-18T04:47:54.061-07:00Central Park, The Heart of the Island at the Center of the World<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southwest_corner_of_Central_Park,_looking_east,_NYC.jpg/240px-Southwest_corner_of_Central_Park,_looking_east,_NYC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southwest_corner_of_Central_Park,_looking_east,_NYC.jpg/240px-Southwest_corner_of_Central_Park,_looking_east,_NYC.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Di tengah Kota New York yang penuh dengan gedung-gedung pencakar langit, terdapat taman kota yang jauh dari kesan kota metropolitan yang padat dan <i>sesak</i>. Bagaikan oasis di gurun pasir, keberadaan taman ini melepas rasa <i>dahaga </i>akan suasana yang hijau dan asri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Central Park, begitulah orang-orang menyebut taman ini. Taman umum yang berlokasi di pusat kota Manhattan, New York City, New York, Amerika Serikat ini awalnya dibuka pada tahun 1857, di atas lahan seluas 341 ha.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada 1858, seorang desainer lanskap dan penulis Frederick Law Olmsted dan arsitek asal Inggris Calvert Vaux memenangkan kompetisi desain untuk mengembangkan dan memperluas Central Park. Konstruksi dimulai pada tahun yang sama, terus berlangsung selama perang saudara di Amerika pada saat itu dan selesai pada tahun 1873. </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Saat ini, Central Park dikelola oleh Central Park Conservancy di bawah kontrak dengan pemerintah kota. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>image source : wikipedia</b></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO8zMk_Jt1rcnQzZH3KnoGPkY-5fMQ_n4kKTQYFjLwaQ_nFSxhf7CzxuCw812Zoysx6M0aBClCDmLOhKy8CI8HHnNJ9FvbeOeCSOtaaq8JA6ZdOy6zA4RNrwnOkSvmLt6p8v6YHtHX3701/s1600/CPMNHTTNNYCNYUS.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO8zMk_Jt1rcnQzZH3KnoGPkY-5fMQ_n4kKTQYFjLwaQ_nFSxhf7CzxuCw812Zoysx6M0aBClCDmLOhKy8CI8HHnNJ9FvbeOeCSOtaaq8JA6ZdOy6zA4RNrwnOkSvmLt6p8v6YHtHX3701/s1600/CPMNHTTNNYCNYUS.PNG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Central Park dibatasi di sebelah utara oleh West 110 Street, di selatan oleh West 59th Street, dan di sebelah barat oleh Eighth Avenue. Sepanjang perbatasan taman, jalan-jalan ini masing-masing dikenal dengan Central Park North, Central Park South, dan Central Park West. Hanya Fifth Avenue di sebelah timur yang mempertahankan namanya tanpa '<i>embel-embel' </i>Central Park.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CENTRAL PARK</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Type : Urban Park</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Location : Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Area : 843 acres (341 ha)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Created : 1857</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Operated by : Central Park Conservancy</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Status : open all year</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Architect : Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>FAUNA OF CENTRAL PARK</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Birds</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Daftar resmi species-species burung yang diobservasi di Central Park pertama kali dibuat oleh Augustus J. Paine Jr.. Paine adalah seorang ahli burung dan bersama temannya Lewis B. Woodruff, menyusun lebih dari 100 species burung dalam daftar yang mereka buat. Lebih dari satu dekade daftar tersebut sudah diubah dan diperbarui.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Taman ini menjadi tempat singgah bagi species-species burung yang bermigrasi selama musim semi dan musim gugur. Lebih dari seperempat dari semua species burung yang ada di Amerika Serikat terlihat di Central Park. Salah satu dari species-species burung itu adalah Red-tailed Hawk (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Mammals</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1. Raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2. Eastern Gray Squirrel or Grey Squirrel (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3. Eastern Chipmunk (<i>Tamias striatus</i>)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">4. Virginia Opossum (<i>Didelphis virginiana</i>)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Arthropods</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada tahun 2002, ditemukan genus dan species baru kelabang di Central Park, yakni <i>Nannarrup hoffmani. </i>Panjangnya sekitar 10 mm, merupakan salah satu species kelabang terkecil di dunia.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: right;">Red-tailed Hawk (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; text-align: right;">Buteo jamaicensis</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: right;">)</span>
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<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK</b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Lebih dari 25,000 species tumbuhan hidup di Central Park, sekitar 1,700 species merupakan American Elm.</span><br />
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IMG_1527Dogwood.JPG/200px-IMG_1527Dogwood.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IMG_1527Dogwood.JPG/200px-IMG_1527Dogwood.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Bracts">Bracts</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> of </span><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_Dogwood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering Dogwood">Flowering Dogwood</a></i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">, an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Understory">understory</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> tree native to Central Park</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"><b>THE VIEW</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.centralparknyc.org/assets/images/slides/visit-slides/boats-lake-l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="http://www.centralparknyc.org/assets/images/slides/visit-slides/boats-lake-l.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">image source : <a href="http://www.centralparknyc.org/assets/images/slides/visit-slides/boats-lake-l.jpg" target="_blank">The Official Website of Central Park</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Look_out_point_on_the_lake_at_Central_Park,_NYC.jpg/771px-Look_out_point_on_the_lake_at_Central_Park,_NYC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Look_out_point_on_the_lake_at_Central_Park,_NYC.jpg/771px-Look_out_point_on_the_lake_at_Central_Park,_NYC.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">image source : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Look_out_point_on_the_lake_at_Central_Park,_NYC.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/NYC_Central_Park_Reservoir.jpg/1200px-NYC_Central_Park_Reservoir.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/NYC_Central_Park_Reservoir.jpg/1200px-NYC_Central_Park_Reservoir.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Reservoir (image source : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centralpark_fg01.jpg/720px-Centralpark_fg01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centralpark_fg01.jpg/720px-Centralpark_fg01.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Central Park in 2004 (image source : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Central_Park_New_York_City_New_York_23_cropped.jpg/640px-Central_Park_New_York_City_New_York_23_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Central_Park_New_York_City_New_York_23_cropped.jpg/640px-Central_Park_New_York_City_New_York_23_cropped.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">image source : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Plaza_Hotel_May_2010.JPG/640px-Plaza_Hotel_May_2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Plaza_Hotel_May_2010.JPG/640px-Plaza_Hotel_May_2010.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">image source : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Central_Park_001.JPG/640px-Central_Park_001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Central_Park_001.JPG/640px-Central_Park_001.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">image source : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Someday, I'll be there :)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Central Park. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Flora" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 18, 2012.</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-81974015485295646482012-05-16T23:56:00.000-07:002012-05-17T00:13:39.557-07:0010 MOST AMAZING SHARKS (10 HIU PALING WOW)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRV3Ulqlyp89dBr9ljoAxHOTAA-xJbdS2dM6s8GEEkel4pt1b2kr9L6gDWu" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRV3Ulqlyp89dBr9ljoAxHOTAA-xJbdS2dM6s8GEEkel4pt1b2kr9L6gDWu" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/04/sharks-hiu.html" target="_blank"><b>Hiu (sharks)</b></a> merupakan kelompok ikan yang memiliki keanekaragaman jenis yang tinggi. Lebih dari 400 species hiu yang ada di lautan dengan bentuk, ukuran dan bahkan warna yang berbeda. Whale Shark atau Hiu Paus (<i>Rhincodon typus</i>) merupakan species hiu terbesar, yang mana dipercaya dapat mencapai panjang 59 kaki. Berikut 10 hiu paling '<i>wow' </i>dengan bentuk yang tidak biasa :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>1. HAMMERHEAD SHARKS (HIU MARTIL)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLr1QxogiNOP-OzjnzH4yzf_J87uTLlx8Jf-5dAzEFYqeH-z9JRTI3YO_xyEXMC0SqUVVDRVQ1iCBwXsPXoElEco5EoCfYTgMIJvlYYiH599HtybDfFypnXifzcm3Vi4RiZthyphenhyphen-J7w62F/s1600/ghammer.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLr1QxogiNOP-OzjnzH4yzf_J87uTLlx8Jf-5dAzEFYqeH-z9JRTI3YO_xyEXMC0SqUVVDRVQ1iCBwXsPXoElEco5EoCfYTgMIJvlYYiH599HtybDfFypnXifzcm3Vi4RiZthyphenhyphen-J7w62F/s1600/ghammer.JPG" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Bizarre_Sharks_1x.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="http://webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Bizarre_Sharks_1x.jpg" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The Hammerhead Shark adalah kelompok hiu dari family Sphyrnidae. Dinamakan Hammerhead (Kepala Martil) karena bentuk kepalanya yang tidak biasa, yakni seperti martil. <a href="http://biologypunk.blogspot.com/2012/04/great-hammerhead-shark-sphyrna-mokarran.html" target="_blank"><b>The Great Hammerhead Shark</b> (<i>Sphyrna mokarran</i>)</a> merupakan satu-satunya spesies hiu yang melakukan <i>fertilisasi internal</i>, species ini juga bisa bereproduksi secara aseksual dengan cara <i>Partenogenesis.</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>2. GOBLIN SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLs3PSRKPBrNqTzHqsQy8Ep7MgpQ_jIiDb4zqSP2fPczinRHPluc_4vIzzEe2YB_Z-jeZmNIC7lzbkbmpe5p2YkdyO670Sp0TooPjYMC01KHktWDGNKBYjkfev4jULsQ-h-R93RqQ6kvJn/s1600/Goblin+shark3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLs3PSRKPBrNqTzHqsQy8Ep7MgpQ_jIiDb4zqSP2fPczinRHPluc_4vIzzEe2YB_Z-jeZmNIC7lzbkbmpe5p2YkdyO670Sp0TooPjYMC01KHktWDGNKBYjkfev4jULsQ-h-R93RqQ6kvJn/s1600/Goblin+shark3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Goblin Shark (<i>Mitsukurina owstoni</i>) adalah hiu laut dalam dan merupakan satu-satunya spesies hiu yang hidup dari family Mitsukurinidae. Karakteristik yang paling khas adalah bentuk kepala yang tidak biasa. Dari namanya saja sudah mewakili bentuknya yang menyeramkan. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Least Concern (LC).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>3. THRESHER SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDta-HgUcgcTQqEuGE9mbE7a0hgSTWAXFtCp1Pzd_-XkF3sViDwXvkbJaL2OSVou-JSuMgmtZDDkXDZbmBSRh-qMnUBNkNnzi_38PnJGQ7ptqWAEsDuJoPKL__C55JK9mqD0WO6yCQdOT/s1600/thresher-shark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDta-HgUcgcTQqEuGE9mbE7a0hgSTWAXFtCp1Pzd_-XkF3sViDwXvkbJaL2OSVou-JSuMgmtZDDkXDZbmBSRh-qMnUBNkNnzi_38PnJGQ7ptqWAEsDuJoPKL__C55JK9mqD0WO6yCQdOT/s1600/thresher-shark.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Thresher Shark adalah kelompok hiu dari family Alopiidae, dapat ditemukan di semua lautan beriklim tropis dunia. Ada 3 species Thresher Shark, yakni <i>Alopia pelagicus </i>(Pelagic Thresher), <i>Alopia superciliosus </i>(Bigeye Thresher) dan <i>Alopias vulpinus </i>(Common Thresher). Hiu ini memiliki ekor yang panjang dan dapat mencapai 20 kaki. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>4. FRILLED SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZxqrG8newP-axw3rclFk6pe8H2tcfdZ3frDXMdcoWFvauctnpvuj0__44WWSf4L7BZqf3m2JL6Q7QE4ZUREIJKG2BzI_bggAQQn86t9CEPFSjUZU_KYOabqmT59SfW1bfDlxMvMaUjQXo/s1600/800px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZxqrG8newP-axw3rclFk6pe8H2tcfdZ3frDXMdcoWFvauctnpvuj0__44WWSf4L7BZqf3m2JL6Q7QE4ZUREIJKG2BzI_bggAQQn86t9CEPFSjUZU_KYOabqmT59SfW1bfDlxMvMaUjQXo/s400/800px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOuC01hi2tEpydWyoMgLe7uBsGAZ3i-Y-9tVx-1qYhUXPkRq_mEBxGZhMRNqPZDnv9AslycEVvKHTAbhWJxXmLFHp4WcYnWaXOv03ncsDJl6by9dEr3jOGaBRIVI-b-FHiM8AdltNN6_Qe/s1600/800px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_head.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOuC01hi2tEpydWyoMgLe7uBsGAZ3i-Y-9tVx-1qYhUXPkRq_mEBxGZhMRNqPZDnv9AslycEVvKHTAbhWJxXmLFHp4WcYnWaXOv03ncsDJl6by9dEr3jOGaBRIVI-b-FHiM8AdltNN6_Qe/s400/800px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_head.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Frilled Shark (<i>Chlamydoselachus anguineus</i>) adalah satu dari dua species hiu family Chlamydoselachidae yang masih hidup. Sekilas bentuk kepalanya mirip seperti 'belut'. Karakteristik yang khas dari hiu ini selain bentuk morfologisnya adalah susunan dan bentuk giginya yang tidak biasa.Hiu ini juga tidak memiliki sirip punggung (Dorsal Fin) yang biasanya menjadi ciri khas ikan hiu. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Near Threatened (NT).</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>5. SPINED PYGMY SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-oEqzeiMeJlBcV6an860o4CfD-YMInieF6RYBMgqfmukuMkYahcLMEPPxNwXfVlNjq0bT5aOaSoPSwbnoXfFGLT9HJU-MCoXT2VJ1LyST4c20mcHx5Qc2VSs2roL8nm4QUOvtfEMG2HI/s1600/Spined+pygmy+shark7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-oEqzeiMeJlBcV6an860o4CfD-YMInieF6RYBMgqfmukuMkYahcLMEPPxNwXfVlNjq0bT5aOaSoPSwbnoXfFGLT9HJU-MCoXT2VJ1LyST4c20mcHx5Qc2VSs2roL8nm4QUOvtfEMG2HI/s400/Spined+pygmy+shark7.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Spined Pygmy Shark (<i>Squaliolus laticaudus</i>) merupakan species dogfish shark dalam family Dalatiidae. Dapat ditemukan di seluruh lautan. Panjang maksimumnya hanya dapat mencapai 28 cm (11inch), satu dari species-species hiu terkecil di lautan. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Least Concern (LC)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>6. WHITE WHALE SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB4m_tJyf3JyHoSkPcmVgQ3majWp3y24n2pqc6rTHK_FbEemIoUfUBGwZIiDar3rQyhv7HfHkfLwkkYyWuVYnSdY_BwwJ9hQ6fXJSwnHW9goVbKtd-CWkKYceOhxEgbZgkxiuz5W-HzfWx/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB4m_tJyf3JyHoSkPcmVgQ3majWp3y24n2pqc6rTHK_FbEemIoUfUBGwZIiDar3rQyhv7HfHkfLwkkYyWuVYnSdY_BwwJ9hQ6fXJSwnHW9goVbKtd-CWkKYceOhxEgbZgkxiuz5W-HzfWx/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_6.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">(images via: </span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1049351/Pictured-A-majestic-rare-albino-whale-shark-graces-ocean.html" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Daily Mail UK</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">)</span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Albino dapat ditemukan hampir pada semua species hewan,tak terkecuali pada hiu. Albino Whale Shark ini ditemukan di pantai kepulauan galapagos pada Agustus 2008. Whale Shark (<i>Rhincodon typus</i>) dapat mencapai panjang 50 - 60 kaki dan beratnya sampai 10 ton. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Vulnerable (VU)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>7. SAW SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChFctHaZ8_5sBHIrq-Ek8i7IvW91VuwmeK5CejW54Geyx-GlTaDmfg6bfkIrn44HnfTH_IP-KtEHbeJ-j4z1I7poQx66Ui5Wvc_On7eZcft0vj6ojBHupCmW-9RMU7kWdbrU6I3LEaYtb/s1600/800px-Pristiophorus_nudipinnis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChFctHaZ8_5sBHIrq-Ek8i7IvW91VuwmeK5CejW54Geyx-GlTaDmfg6bfkIrn44HnfTH_IP-KtEHbeJ-j4z1I7poQx66Ui5Wvc_On7eZcft0vj6ojBHupCmW-9RMU7kWdbrU6I3LEaYtb/s640/800px-Pristiophorus_nudipinnis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Saw shark (order : Pristiophoriformes) berbeda dengan sawfish (order : Pritiformes). Insang pada saw shark terletak pada kedua sisi lehernya seperti hiu lain, sedangkan sawfish memiliki insang yang terletak di bawah tubuhnya seperti ikan pari (rays). </span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>8. GREENLAND SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6pHVroITO1mR3dN58FOJvW_Vk_nBUksFUfBzk-IwloqxfirwqrbCjSYKoxo6dhFiCkoObjZdIuT_-15O4kQC3ze8h_pOB6S_mGSsfaeotORs08iSC_hYcyChYSBXUA7ZggiXjA4xW4eGQ/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6pHVroITO1mR3dN58FOJvW_Vk_nBUksFUfBzk-IwloqxfirwqrbCjSYKoxo6dhFiCkoObjZdIuT_-15O4kQC3ze8h_pOB6S_mGSsfaeotORs08iSC_hYcyChYSBXUA7ZggiXjA4xW4eGQ/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_8.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">(images via: </span><a href="http://fishindex.blogspot.com/2008_11_01_archive.html" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fish Index</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">, </span><a href="http://losangelespublicrelations.com/greenland-shark/02948" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">LAPR</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"> and </span><a href="http://www.greenland-guide.gl/sharkchallenge/default.htm" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greenland Guide</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">)</span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Greenland Shark (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>) atau juga dikenal dengan nama Sleeper Shark, Gurry Shark, Ground Shark, Grey Shark. Merupakan species hiu dari family Somniosidae, dapat ditemukan di Samudera Atlantik utara, termasuk Greenland dan Iceland (Islandia). Tubuh hiu ini dapat mencapai panjang 6.4 - 7.3 m dan berat 1000 - 1400 kg. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Near Threatened (NT)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>9. MEGAMOUTH SHARKS</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZjjJ7keSaTowiq0pcbJUHQxxEJEphX2wy2g1dWYQPZw_qhC4X9xVTbSE7mdQT04-p7gJVsn-_6p0Ah4Tiasak8HlkXHH15GVUCsPYhJ4an_a6C1A6uxCqf4na-gi-4diuriJQDam-BjR/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZjjJ7keSaTowiq0pcbJUHQxxEJEphX2wy2g1dWYQPZw_qhC4X9xVTbSE7mdQT04-p7gJVsn-_6p0Ah4Tiasak8HlkXHH15GVUCsPYhJ4an_a6C1A6uxCqf4na-gi-4diuriJQDam-BjR/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_9.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">(images via: </span><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/megamouth/Mega7.html" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FMNH</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #40454b; font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">)</span>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Megamouth Shark (<i>Megachasma pelagios</i>) merupakan species hiu dari family Megachasmidae. Sejak penemuan tahun 1976, hanya beberapa megamouth shark saja yang diketahui. IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Data Deficient (DD)</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>10. PORT JACKSON SHARKS</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlEt9YCKEa0J4MDrMLpn_-Dw1CmD6iL03A7B_Ll25yeSsXnD5lVKcUUuBK6QAb8Iek5uINkYoE-0MGJoAv-h2ApYk6AYEMvZb_e13LB2YcR48mMMnIjLTYlxq7wjT0Aq764V34SPT5gvE/s1600/portjacksonshark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlEt9YCKEa0J4MDrMLpn_-Dw1CmD6iL03A7B_Ll25yeSsXnD5lVKcUUuBK6QAb8Iek5uINkYoE-0MGJoAv-h2ApYk6AYEMvZb_e13LB2YcR48mMMnIjLTYlxq7wjT0Aq764V34SPT5gvE/s1600/portjacksonshark.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Port Jackson Shark (<i>Heterodontus portusjacksoni</i>) merupakan species endemic perairan Australia. Hiu ini termasuk ke dalam family Heterodontidae. Port Jackson Shark dapat tumbuh sampai mecapai 1.67 m (5.5 kaki). IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Least Concern (LC)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>11. WHORL-TOOTH SHARKS (HELICOPRION)</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Qq0BykBOkqAduxDu_2q11tTaYvEFuB6VLkv7JSOz3qRhyphenhyphenrtDcpqYrKBn4vuQ2vs5rbU4QRDwIjMPyJf-Q-jKm46EdfWce5l-r2nCKEjevbZqWK-SRI8bgzj3lqNHEUTc2H38ITGk6sRU/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_10x.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Qq0BykBOkqAduxDu_2q11tTaYvEFuB6VLkv7JSOz3qRhyphenhyphenrtDcpqYrKBn4vuQ2vs5rbU4QRDwIjMPyJf-Q-jKm46EdfWce5l-r2nCKEjevbZqWK-SRI8bgzj3lqNHEUTc2H38ITGk6sRU/s1600/Bizarre_Sharks_10x.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kalau kita searching di google dengan keyword (kata kunci) <i><b>10 Most Amazing Sharks</b> </i>atau<i> <b>10 Most Unique Sharks</b> </i>atau mungkin <i><b>10 Hiu Paling Unik</b> </i>atau sejenisnya, <i> </i> hampir semua sumber menyuguhkan kita dengan gambar Whorl-tooth Sharks (Helicoprion) ini. Helicoprion adalah genus hiu yang hidup sekitar 280 juta tahun lalu pada zaman karbon. </span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Helicoprion_bessonovi1DB.jpg/800px-Helicoprion_bessonovi1DB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Helicoprion_bessonovi1DB.jpg/800px-Helicoprion_bessonovi1DB.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Helicoprion bessonovi</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Indah bukan keanekaragaman hiu di atas? :)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>STOP BIODIVERSITY LOSS!</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>SAVE OUR SPECIES :)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>REFERENCES :</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. <i>The 10 Most Amazing Bizarre Sharks. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2010/02/09/now-sea-this-the-10-most-amazing-bizarre-sharks/" target="_blank">http://webecoist.momtastic.com/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Frilled Shark. </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Downloaded from </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frilled_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Goblin Shark. </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Downloaded from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_shark" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> on May 17 2012.</span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Greenland Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_shark">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Hammerhead Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Helicoprion. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoprion" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Megamouth Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Port Jackson Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Saw Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawshark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Spined Pygmy Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spined_pygmy_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Thresher Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">____________. <i>Whale Shark. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 17, 2012.</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-16290580348918023542012-05-15T04:57:00.000-07:002012-05-17T08:23:47.860-07:00White Alder or Bunga Pukul Delapan (Turnera subulata)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZLx_XhitVM660AER7BPzrBClL8OLxa881OxEOtiVJPPt3jH7uv50_eZFzFG2KUF24-XxwUNv3c0STdq4cZdcFER6776DgIDTH0RhfWT8ROFs93yDGHPIYjDQLaqWSZnKZGowd6WpgoDaf/s1600/blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZLx_XhitVM660AER7BPzrBClL8OLxa881OxEOtiVJPPt3jH7uv50_eZFzFG2KUF24-XxwUNv3c0STdq4cZdcFER6776DgIDTH0RhfWT8ROFs93yDGHPIYjDQLaqWSZnKZGowd6WpgoDaf/s200/blog.jpg" width="196" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i><b>This is my first post with images original taken by myself :D</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>IUCN REDLIST STATUS : -</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">White Alder (</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Turnera subulata</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) atau dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal dengan nama Bunga Pukul Delapan merupakan tanaman dari family Turneraceae. Tanaman yang berasal dari Hindia Barat ini dapat ditemukan pada ketinggian 10 - 250 m di atas permukaan laut, pada tempat-tempat yang langsung terkena sinar matahari atau yang sedikit terlindung. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVD3zns4_Y-XqQJ4BpzY7eTd_XsKi3OztURTAcxuEJO2aXw2GaAzZkWs7F6dWRW7xIGkForKAzYapSzhXohuezc27SGRfZpFXtlajS_rtYMS0Imf68UBIoBNE7Z0HqmYm_fivO-yw350N7/s1600/Turnera+subulata+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVD3zns4_Y-XqQJ4BpzY7eTd_XsKi3OztURTAcxuEJO2aXw2GaAzZkWs7F6dWRW7xIGkForKAzYapSzhXohuezc27SGRfZpFXtlajS_rtYMS0Imf68UBIoBNE7Z0HqmYm_fivO-yw350N7/s1600/Turnera+subulata+4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kingdom : Plantae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Kingdom : Tracheobionta</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Division : Magnoliophyta</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Class : Magnoliopsida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Class : Dilleniidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Order : Violales</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Family : Turneraceae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Turnera</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Species : <i>Turnera subulata</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>DESCRIPTION</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Herba tegak dengan akar pena yang panjangnya 0,3-0,8 m ini berdaun tunggal, berbentuk bulat telur elips, pangkal berbentuk baji, ujung runcing, tepi bergerigi kasar, tulang daun menyirip, mempunyai kelenjar, panjang 2-7 cm dan lebar 1-4 cm.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Bunga mekar sekitar pukul 8 pagi dan layu sekitar pukul 12 siang. Mahkota bunga bentuknya bulat telur sungsang, pada pangkalnya cokelat, kuning muda di atasnya, dan terpuntir waktu kuncup. </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Buah berbentuk telur lebar, dengan biji lebih dari 30. </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Perbanyakan dengan biji.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Daun dan batang mengandung <i>saponin </i>dan <i>poliphenol</i>. Pada daunnya juga mengandung <i>flavonoid.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;"><b>GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;"><i>Turnera subulata </i>merupakan tanaman asli dari West Indies, Brazil dan Central America.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Location : Biology Laboratory of Palangkaraya University, Central Borneo, Indonesia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">Date : May 15, 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">By : Adamx</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV2or2NiP_tQb5kvuNPaskEmJXLyLXSbVXdwQvx2If1o59TAy_ic0AEdAHzvPm60hZKinwSw8ZT4Q4zmiy-a-Dh9TnfBwROnbRMWB4iTe55BRT0zNYwYjTx-j9s6DZpzmEhboWbNoF3eU-/s1600/Turnera+subulata+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV2or2NiP_tQb5kvuNPaskEmJXLyLXSbVXdwQvx2If1o59TAy_ic0AEdAHzvPm60hZKinwSw8ZT4Q4zmiy-a-Dh9TnfBwROnbRMWB4iTe55BRT0zNYwYjTx-j9s6DZpzmEhboWbNoF3eU-/s400/Turnera+subulata+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCe1j09RsTc9wLeZ-twct15VUJZM5sDiCxnQC7DfbLnfTxr7V6JxFo7JSdCeR4IInaiUJj4lKDohHSxi5IUx5GvBAV1_x77f2zGy8S9VhvoJctgwry-gCCzQ4HFqQ9EgFPWJaCcDOssw8K/s1600/Turnera+subulata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCe1j09RsTc9wLeZ-twct15VUJZM5sDiCxnQC7DfbLnfTxr7V6JxFo7JSdCeR4IInaiUJj4lKDohHSxi5IUx5GvBAV1_x77f2zGy8S9VhvoJctgwry-gCCzQ4HFqQ9EgFPWJaCcDOssw8K/s400/Turnera+subulata.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOtYtcKWMn0Tn1VxLg6wp6qmYes_D-oIGRLkp4L8PI375olHWX6bdqUC7wd4QzY9UCAyINLFs7wi-vyK5yjpnPS7NLBDwLOEUWHhfh94UejPz4gdx896TmMOcRgK86B0AdOsmBG2ppmvAP/s1600/Turnera+subulata+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOtYtcKWMn0Tn1VxLg6wp6qmYes_D-oIGRLkp4L8PI375olHWX6bdqUC7wd4QzY9UCAyINLFs7wi-vyK5yjpnPS7NLBDwLOEUWHhfh94UejPz4gdx896TmMOcRgK86B0AdOsmBG2ppmvAP/s400/Turnera+subulata+4.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKlzNBNG9wwhcoAYrQiM9VMPi9CNfc5hOSEcTbpK1PM2XTwV00uBhPFuSPejRe-v8NDmnnJUP5cHk7ITRng1ljdATQMo-GgS_eGFmHWCo5kI7Fn5S14AYisoXz0QQVPUO0O4pH5u7QDfF/s1600/Turnera+subulata+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKlzNBNG9wwhcoAYrQiM9VMPi9CNfc5hOSEcTbpK1PM2XTwV00uBhPFuSPejRe-v8NDmnnJUP5cHk7ITRng1ljdATQMo-GgS_eGFmHWCo5kI7Fn5S14AYisoXz0QQVPUO0O4pH5u7QDfF/s400/Turnera+subulata+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Turneraceae. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turneraceae" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 15 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>White Alder. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/White%20Alder.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://www.flowersofindia.net/</a> on May 15, 2012.</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-54299317695374298302012-05-14T05:46:00.000-07:002012-05-16T04:51:41.799-07:00THE FIRST BIRDS : ARCHAEOPTERYX (Archaeopteryx lithographica)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY3LkhLMJDEoYpSyz1-keFINgKz2WYA4e5GCjZGKMl7W6_FQWBRR0E1qtW2TKklGjL2Z1L9CKnRJEBmfQPLTcaBRxHYd5QEN4NR9UkOiNfzO5OUzmdc4re1xWvlgYJUmk2NBfz0VfBwbx6/s1600/100526100612.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY3LkhLMJDEoYpSyz1-keFINgKz2WYA4e5GCjZGKMl7W6_FQWBRR0E1qtW2TKklGjL2Z1L9CKnRJEBmfQPLTcaBRxHYd5QEN4NR9UkOiNfzO5OUzmdc4re1xWvlgYJUmk2NBfz0VfBwbx6/s1600/100526100612.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Archaeopteryx lithographica </i>adalah dinosaurus theropoda yang diyakini sebagai burung pertama di Bumi, hidup pada zaman Jurassic sekitar 150 juta tahun yang lalu. Fosil <i>Archaeopteryx </i>paling banyak ditemukan di </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Solnhofen limestone<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> in </span>Bavaria<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, southern </span>Germany. Pertama kali fosil <i>Archaeopteryx </i>ditemukan pada tahun 1861, tepat dua tahun setelah Charles Darwin menerbitkan bukunya yang berjudul <i>On the Origin of Species.</i></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg/443px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg/443px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Phylum : Chordata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Phylum : Vertebrata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Class : Aves</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Family : Archaeopterygidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Archaeopteryx </i>(Extinct)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Species : <i>Archaeopteryx lithographica </i>(Extinct)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>DESCRIPTION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Archaeopteryx lithographica </i>hidup pada zaman Jurassic sekitar 150 juta tahun yang lalu. Ukuran tubuhnya diperkirakan sebesar burung gagak, dengan sayap yang lebar dan ekor yang panjang. Panjang tubuhnya diperkirakan dapat mencapai 500 milimeter (20 inch) dan berat tubuh 0.8 - 1 kilogram. Bulu <i>Archaeopteryx </i>mempunyai struktur yang sama dengan bulu pada burung modern. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Walaupun diyakini sebagai burung pertama di Bumi, <i>Archaeopteryx </i>sebenarnya merupakan dinosaurus theropoda (theropod dinosaurs). Tidak seperti burung modern, <i>Archaeopteryx </i>memiliki gigi pada paruhnya dan cakar pada sayapnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Image Source : <a href="http://ginkgopages.blogspot.com/2012/01/archaeopteryx-and-ginkgo.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://ginkgopages.blogspot.com/</a></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Berikut gambar-gambar spesimen fosil <i>Archaeopteryx </i>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The Berlin Specimen</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg/443px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg/443px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1880 photo of the Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen, showing leg feathers that were subsequently removed during preparation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The Munich Specimen</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Archaeopteryx_bavarica_Detail.jpg/769px-Archaeopteryx_bavarica_Detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Archaeopteryx_bavarica_Detail.jpg/769px-Archaeopteryx_bavarica_Detail.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Archaeopteryx lithographica, Solenhofener specimen, as displayed on the </span><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Munich Mineral Show</i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> 2009. (This image shows the original fossil - not a cast.)</span></span>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Solenhofener_Specimen).jpg/450px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Solenhofener_Specimen).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Solenhofener_Specimen).jpg/450px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Solenhofener_Specimen).jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>MORE ABOUT ARCHAEOPTERYX? CLICK HERE!</b></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REFERENCES :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. <i>Archaeopteryx. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 14, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. 2010. <i>Prehistoric Birds Were Poor Flyers, Research Shows. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100526100612.htm" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.com/</a> on May 14, 2012.</span></div>
</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-1532929981892626452012-05-13T01:23:00.002-07:002012-05-13T04:59:14.898-07:00HOW MANY SPECIES ARE WE LOSING?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCkXkTGjXIlnFMszMbQh5ho5WNa6tbZ39Q6L0hgWtqHLB1TUMUYaObOssZQmduTPg9Zn9O2rXt-1fWGedRp4oiysMSOK3BqRdcHRukHNMrCPPPaIU7sW2BIWM3R8js8qQ-a2zSIhnJEGH/s1600/SOS.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCkXkTGjXIlnFMszMbQh5ho5WNa6tbZ39Q6L0hgWtqHLB1TUMUYaObOssZQmduTPg9Zn9O2rXt-1fWGedRp4oiysMSOK3BqRdcHRukHNMrCPPPaIU7sW2BIWM3R8js8qQ-a2zSIhnJEGH/s200/SOS.png" width="176" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b style="color: #cc0000;">HOW MANY SPECIES ARE WE LOSING?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kalau kata WWF : </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b style="color: #cc0000; font-style: italic;">"well... this is the million dollar question and one That's very hard to answer". </b>Absolutely right</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">, kita tidak tahu pasti apa yang ada di luar sana termasuk jumlah sebenarnya dari keseluruhan </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">species</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> yang ada di Bumi, baik hewan maupun tumbuhan<i>. </i>Oleh karena itu kita tidak akan bisa tahu persis berapa jumlah species yang telah 'hilang' atau punah.</span></div>
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<i style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">"Scientists were startled in 1980 by the discovery of a tremendous diversity of insects in tropical forests. In one study of just 19 trees in Panama, 80% of the 1,200 beetle species discovered were previously unknown to science... </i><i style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">Surprisingly, scientists have a better understanding of how many stars there are in the galaxy than how many species there are on Earth.</i><i style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">" </i><i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #006262; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://archive.wri.org/item_detail.cfm?id=535&section=pubs&page=pubs_content_text&z=?" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #006262; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WRI</a> (<a href="http://wwf.panda.org/"><b>http://wwf.panda.org/</b></a>)</i><br />
<i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #006262; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #006262; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>betapa banyaknya species yang ada di Bumi. Planet ini memang <i>dunia</i> yang sangat kompleks</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ilustrasi di bawah ini saya rasa cukup memberikan gambaran berapa banyak yang telah dan akan hilang yang diakibatkan oleh <b><i>biodiversity loss</i></b>. Jika seandainya :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>- ada 1,000,000,000 species yang berbeda di Bumi</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>- dan angka kepunahan hanya 0.01% per tahun</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>- paling tidak 100,000 species punah setiap tahunnya.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">angka yang sangat besar untuk <i>'sesuatu yang hilang'.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ross-Piper/e/B001JRVEMQ/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1" target="_blank"><b>Ross Piper</b></a> dalam bukunya yang berjudul <b>Extinct Animals: An Encyclopedia of Species that Have Disappeared during Human History</b> mengatakan bahwa 99.9% dari semua species yang pernah ada di Bumi sudah punah sekarang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Berikut beberapa species yang sudah punah dan mungkin anda tidak pernah tahu sebelumnya :</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thylacinus.jpg/300px-Thylacinus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thylacinus.jpg/300px-Thylacinus.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Thylacine : the Tasmanian Tiger (</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Thylacinus cynocephalus</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">) punah pada tahun 1936.</span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Extinct (EX)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine" target="_blank">click here for more info!</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Caspian Tiger : the Third Largest (<i>Panthera tigris ssp virgata</i>) punah pada tahun 1970.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Extinct (EX)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tiger" target="_blank">click here for more info!</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Quagga : setengah zebra setengah kuda (<i>Equus quagga </i>ssp <i>quagga</i>) punah pada tahun 1883.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>IUCN REDLIST STATUS : Extinct (EX)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga" target="_blank">click here for more info!</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Oh iya, dosen saya pernah bilang <i>"kalau kalian ingin menjadi ilmuwan, biologi lah tempatnya. Sekitar 90% species di bumi ini belum teridentifikasi"</i>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Seandainya ada <span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">100,000,000</span> species, berarti <span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">90,000,000</span> species yang belum teridentifikasi. Nah kalau <span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">1 species</span> untuk <span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">1 calon ilmuwan</span>, berarti ada <span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">90,000,000</span> kesempatan untuk menjadi ilmuwan, very logical. haha </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">STOP BIODIVERSITY LOSS!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">SAVE OUR SPECIES :)</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-77652397907030416632012-05-11T02:48:00.001-07:002012-05-15T07:55:21.444-07:00Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkKaqN8OCTv6OPQkfSz2nssqLiSSbfoAo8SXoYgAQiFzwPFtNVETf5z6imvfZwKwtRfB9HCmJTX22_r7xOeEb1cURUaG7A8mHiF-1Q_Doyly-vRY_Z5ae6-TsVUkpYfG87dJtiW5LsbzL6/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkKaqN8OCTv6OPQkfSz2nssqLiSSbfoAo8SXoYgAQiFzwPFtNVETf5z6imvfZwKwtRfB9HCmJTX22_r7xOeEb1cURUaG7A8mHiF-1Q_Doyly-vRY_Z5ae6-TsVUkpYfG87dJtiW5LsbzL6/s1600/Capture.PNG" /></span></b></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><i><b>Materi Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata IV Birds</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/100600708/0" target="_blank">IUCN REDLIST STATUS</a> : Least Concern (LC)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Black Woodpecker</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Dryocopus martius</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">) adalah burung Woodpecker terbesar di daerah penyebaran geografisnya. Ukuran tubuhnya seukuran burung gagak, kira-kira 50 cm. Species ini memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dengan Pileated Woodpecker (<i>Dryocopus pileatus</i>) dari Amerika Utara (North America).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Phylum : Chordata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Class : Aves</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Family : Picidae</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Genus : <i>Dryocopus</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Species : <i>Dryocopus martius</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Size : 45 - 55 cm</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Wingspan : 70 - 84 cm</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Weight : 250 - 370 g</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Black Woodpecker, berwarna hitam 'mengkilat' (glossy black) di seluruh tubuhnya kecuali sebagian bulu di bagian atas kepalanya yang berwarna merah seperti 'mahkota'. Black Woodpecker memiliki kaki Zygodactyl, dengan 2 jari kaki mengarah ke depan dan 2 jari kaki lainnya mengarah ke belakang. Dengan kaki zygodactyl ini, black woodpecker dapat bertengger di permukaan vertikal pohon, mereka juga merupakan pemanjat yang ahli. Selain kaki Zygodactyl, bulu ekor black woodpecker yang kaku dan kuat juga dapat membantu bersandar saat mereka bertengger di permukaan pohon yang vertikal tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D0BLDSdzYOCQuHQLPTwt9r_CpW46jm-jkAnG7okJD8VFX3kIkMI_MUk0qlNtvnvpFNROADw7GBngp26urAqH1qCrdR_QQbPXBgQAHab6IZudnZyXYagk1nYh3_sEXg098EaPv2l_Hmms/s1600/MarcusVaresvuo_BlackWoodpecker_1000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D0BLDSdzYOCQuHQLPTwt9r_CpW46jm-jkAnG7okJD8VFX3kIkMI_MUk0qlNtvnvpFNROADw7GBngp26urAqH1qCrdR_QQbPXBgQAHab6IZudnZyXYagk1nYh3_sEXg098EaPv2l_Hmms/s640/MarcusVaresvuo_BlackWoodpecker_1000.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Black Woodpecker jantan dan betina cukup sulit untuk dibedakan, perbedaan yang paling signifikan di antara keduanya adalah ‘mahkota’ merah di kepalannya, di mana ‘mahkota’ black woodpecker jantan berwarna merah dari dahi sampai bagian belakang kepalanya dan ‘mahkota’ black woodpecker betina hanya di bagian belakang kepalanya yang berwarna merah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Paruh black woodpecker kuat dan tajam seperti ‘pahat’, sebagaimana mereka gunakan untuk mematuk batang pohon yang keras. Black Woodpecker juga memiliki lidah yang panjang dan silindris protractile seperti Chameleons (ukuran lidah terpanjang di kelas Aves). Ujungnya lengket dan tertutupi rambut tajam, befungsi untuk ‘menusuk’ dan ‘menarik’ serangga masuk ke dalam mulutnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Black Woodpecker's Zygodactyl Foot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnk5hLKpceX5qumRmFfA7gEhMZMCqp1Yvyj7owZLxRNjWF-MdyzI5nPgn9zHY0nUeU0vhNNccuhNM8gKcUzbcADn1564D6nMTE2DFVUcqDxgQp-s2Jwa25-88tscg1XJY72D4Vi1paaS_/s1600/Woodpeckertongue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnk5hLKpceX5qumRmFfA7gEhMZMCqp1Yvyj7owZLxRNjWF-MdyzI5nPgn9zHY0nUeU0vhNNccuhNM8gKcUzbcADn1564D6nMTE2DFVUcqDxgQp-s2Jwa25-88tscg1XJY72D4Vi1paaS_/s320/Woodpeckertongue.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Woodpecker's Tounge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Daerah penyebaran geografis Black Woodpecker mulai dari Timur Prancis (France) melewati seluruh Eropa, termasuk United Kingdom (UK), Northern Scandinavia, Spanyol (Spain), Itali (Italy) dan Portugal. Di Asia Black Woodpecker dapat ditemukan di Korea, Jepang, China sampai ke Timur Tengah, termasuk Iran dan Kazakhstan. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-7sg-6HYv8bVi8dLLcP8kqJxu3iFxXVV-KsD0KORZKVuVfDDJUZ7Gv2N3GrUALNisy0tUR3jt0bqtya6yTFwqNgugByeEZO3jMZevTG1pm0ETlJl6H00nekpHhbJVDlqofJ5GVdGWRMdA/s1600/Geographical+Distribution+of+Black+Woodpecker.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-7sg-6HYv8bVi8dLLcP8kqJxu3iFxXVV-KsD0KORZKVuVfDDJUZ7Gv2N3GrUALNisy0tUR3jt0bqtya6yTFwqNgugByeEZO3jMZevTG1pm0ETlJl6H00nekpHhbJVDlqofJ5GVdGWRMdA/s400/Geographical+Distribution+of+Black+Woodpecker.PNG" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Habitat Black Woodpecker biasanya di daerah hutan pada ketinggian di antara 100 sampai 2,400 meter. Black Woodpecker tersebar luas melalui pegunungan dan hutan dataran rendah.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. <i>Black Woodpecker. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Woodpecker" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> on May 11, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. <i>Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius). </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://www.arkive.org/black-woodpecker/dryocopus-martius/#text=Facts" target="_blank">http://www.arkive.org/</a> on May 11, 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">____________. <i>Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius). </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://www.avibirds.com/euhtml/Black_Woodpecker.html" target="_blank">http://www.avibirds.com/</a> on May 11, 2012.</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-56651470531771625382012-04-30T09:14:00.000-07:002012-05-12T06:09:29.247-07:00Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Materi Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata III Reptiles</span></b></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20613/0" target="_blank">IUCN REDLIST STATUS</a> : <span style="color: #cc0000;">Lower Risk/Least Concern (LC)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) adalah spesies endemik New Zealand yang merupakan reptil purba dan telah ada sejak sekitar 200 juta tahun lalu. Hewan ini memiliki keanekaragaman genetik yang rendah, hanya ada 2 spesies, yakni <i>Sphenodon punctatus </i>dan <i>Sphenodon guntheri. </i>Pada usia 35 tahun tuatara akan berhenti tumbuh, namun hewan ini dapat hidup sampai berusia lebih dari 100 tahun. Nama Tuatara berasal dari bahasa 'Maori' yang berarti <i>spines on back (duri di punggung).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Phylum : Chordata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sub Phylum : Vertebrata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Class : Reptilia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ordo : Rhynchocephalia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Family : Sphenodontidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Sphenodon</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Species : <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Secara umum morfologinya mirip kadal (Squamata), memiliki duri di punggungnya. Tuatara dewasa panjang tubuhnya dapat mencapai 40 cm (female/betina) dan 60 cm (male/jantan). Tidak memiliki daun telinga seperti reptil lainnya. Tipe tengkoraknya <i>Diapsid (two openings on either side) </i>dan memiliki "parietal eye" di bagian atas kepalanya.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Morphology of Tuatara</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Seperti reptil pada umumnya kulit tuatara juga dilapisi sisik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Epidermis of the Tuatara</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SKELETAL SYSTEM</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Skeleton of the Tuatara</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REPRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Tuatara membutuhkan waktu antara 10 sampai 20
tahun untuk mencapai kedewasaan seksual. Tuatara betina pada umumnya bertelur
antara 5 sampai 18 butir, hanya sekali selama 4 tahun, siklus reproduksi
terlama di kalangan reptil. Perkawinan berlangsung dari pertengahan musim panas
sampai permulaan musim gugur (Januari-Maret) dan telur dihasilkan pada musim
semi atau permulaan musim panas (Oktober-Desember). Inkubasi berlangsung dari
12 sampai 15 bulan, dengan perkembangan embrio yang berhenti pada bulan-bulan
musim dingin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Male Tuatara (Left) and Female Tuatara (Right)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuatara Jantan (Kiri) dan Tuatara Betina (Kanan)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>BEHAVIOUR</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tuatara hidup
sendiri di dalam liang, di mana mereka kadang-kadang bertahan. Tuatara jantan
saling berkelahi, membusungkan tubuh dan mengangkat kepala mereka, dan menggelapkan
kulit antara bahu leher dan kepala. Tuatara jantan juga mendekati si betina
dengan menggunakan cara ini terlebih dahulu sebelum berkembang biak. Tuatara
paling aktif di malam hari, tetapi kadang-kadang berjemur mulut liang mereka di
saat hari sedang cerah.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Makanan
terdiri dari arthropoda, cacing tanah, siput, telur burung, burung kecil,
katak, dan cicak, juga serangga lokal yang serupa dengan jangkrik berukuran
tikus yang bernama weta. Tuatara muda juga kadang-kadang kanibal. Karena kadar metabolisme yang rendah, tuatara makan jauh lebih sedikit
daripada reptil lainnya.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tuatara hanya dapat ditemukan di New Zealand (Endemic Species), tepatnya di pulau-pulau di Cook Strait (selat antara North Island dan South Island). Habitat tuatara merupakan tempat yang dingin dan lembab, dengan suhu jarang melebihi 70 derajat fahrenheit (21 derajat celcius) dan tingkat kelembaban sekitar 80%.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Sphenodon punctatus. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20613/0" target="_blank">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a> (April 30, 2012).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Sphenodon punctatus. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sphenodon_punctatus.html" target="_blank">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/</a> (April 30, 2012).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Tuatara. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> (April 30, 2012).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Maderson, P.F.A. 1968. <i>Observations on the Epidermis of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). </i>Harvard: Dermatology Department, Harvard Medical School, USA.</span></div>
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<br /></div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-15252574746437206752012-04-25T08:46:00.000-07:002012-05-06T10:11:24.661-07:00Salamander (Caudata)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22exxgZLV6-QkX-ZNivmZynXv8H5huylolnJYDnHaK_Eh43IygIsNDa3GQpAsBYenJbNnGIwNydOfX0zzA2pez-8u_XNSAHOGn-cqNFggK5t1ZyqzBE5kyYoJLLtiIPa2E5qhOvwS_CXx/s1600/KristenMartyn-RedSalamander28629.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22exxgZLV6-QkX-ZNivmZynXv8H5huylolnJYDnHaK_Eh43IygIsNDa3GQpAsBYenJbNnGIwNydOfX0zzA2pez-8u_XNSAHOGn-cqNFggK5t1ZyqzBE5kyYoJLLtiIPa2E5qhOvwS_CXx/s200/KristenMartyn-RedSalamander28629.JPG" title="Young Red Salamander" width="133" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i><b>Materi Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata II Amphibi</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Salamander (Ordo : Caudata) merupakan nama umum untuk sekitar kurang lebih 500 species amphibi. Secara umum morfologinya mirip kadal, tetrapod dan berekor panjang. Sebagian besar spesies memiliki 4 jari pada kaki depan dan 5 jari pada kaki bagian belakang (seperti amphibi pada umumnya). Kulit yang lembap membuat salamander lebih suka hidup di atau dekat air, atau tempat yang terlindung dan seringkali di lahan basah. <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Beberapa spesies Salamander sepenuhnya akuatik (ex : Axolotl) dan sebagian akuatik saat larva namun ketika dewasa hidup di darat (terrestrial). </span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Phylum : Chordata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Sub Phylum : Vertebrata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Class : Amphibia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Sub Class : Lissamphibia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Order : Caudata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Sub Order : </span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Cryptobranchoidea</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Salamandroidea</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Sirenoidea</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Family :</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Cryptobranchidae (Giant Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Hynobiidae (Asiatic Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Amphiumidae (Amphiumas or Congo eels)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Dicamptodontidae (Pacific Giant Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Proteidae (Mudpuppies and Olms)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Rhyacotritonidae (Torrent Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Salamandridae (Newts and True Salamanders)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Sirenidae (Sirens)</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Salamander dewasa umumnya memiliki bentuk tubuh primitif tetrapod mirip dengan kadal dengan tubuh ramping, ekor panjang dan berkaki empat. Sebagian besar species salamander memiliki 4 jari pada kaki depan dan 5 jari pada kaki bagian belakang. Panjang tubuh salamander bervariasi, mulai dari 2,7 cm sampai Chinese Giant Salamander yang mencapai 1,8 m (5.9 ft) dan berat hingga 65 kg (140 lb).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Click! to see full size image</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Klik untuk melihat gambar ukuran penuh</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SKIN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Warna kulit salamander juga sangat bervariasi, setiap species memiliki warna dengan corak atau motif yang khas, bahkan ada species salamander yang seperti tidak mempunyai pigmen warna pada kulitnya (ex : Axolotl, <i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SKELETAL SYSTEM</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Memiliki tulang panjang seperti tulang paha di kaki atau humerus di lengan, tulang pendek seperti pada jari atau kaki dan tulang datar tidak teratur pada panggul, menunjukkan kompleksitas sistem ini. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Zkf_qD3jgTtXoxEnAJYnOoP8doyhzQsiqjry_tvw1lZNEBzzc8VVkh7_KlIX4qHgMU71hPBLQUFgTOuzioTbCkNafy8ghZbflQe08j-Xx36c81hN3r46jNuNm33bqbXwjqs567PUJROG/s1600/Salamander's+skeletal.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Zkf_qD3jgTtXoxEnAJYnOoP8doyhzQsiqjry_tvw1lZNEBzzc8VVkh7_KlIX4qHgMU71hPBLQUFgTOuzioTbCkNafy8ghZbflQe08j-Xx36c81hN3r46jNuNm33bqbXwjqs567PUJROG/s400/Salamander's+skeletal.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>MUSCULAR SYSTEM</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tubuh salamander sama seperti vertebrata lainnya, memiliki 3 macam otot, yakni otot halus, otot jantung dan otot rangka.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>NERVOUS SYSTEM</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM8AUvJ_WTGg_KPaRYk9AOFszkC4ov3QNXI-552RpmjkkRMeaVVPtu5leqyezRZ6oi7rloctDvkshvK_GGD8wnWpHHR6hwRkZ0twtIeXYl7_CVmNchGSyGIkEZbvyVG2Ap-C38dTKO7zsG/s1600/Salamander's+Nerve.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM8AUvJ_WTGg_KPaRYk9AOFszkC4ov3QNXI-552RpmjkkRMeaVVPtu5leqyezRZ6oi7rloctDvkshvK_GGD8wnWpHHR6hwRkZ0twtIeXYl7_CVmNchGSyGIkEZbvyVG2Ap-C38dTKO7zsG/s400/Salamander's+Nerve.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Caudata dapat ditemukan di semua benua kecuali Australia, Antartika dan sebagian Afrika. Sepertiga dari species salamander yang diketahui ditemukan di Amerika Utara, konsentrasi tertinggi ditemukan di kawasan pegunungan Appalachian. Salamander biasanya tinggal di atau dekat sungai, anak sungai dan lokasi lembab lainnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">THESE ARE SEVERAL SPECIES OF THE SALAMANDERS (PIC.) :</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtSSV022ei84cyp5aWZXsVvQCmMlsk-7bB2o1ygMUxE69-q3bR_D0Upo4x6ou8nnW6JUy4PWyTbq6UXEmW7B-OayneFQGpEosn33PHGFJpoi0ilHkbq8ts8_fCbxQq-kGtgPb9_g48PL9s/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Northern+Slimy+Salamander+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtSSV022ei84cyp5aWZXsVvQCmMlsk-7bB2o1ygMUxE69-q3bR_D0Upo4x6ou8nnW6JUy4PWyTbq6UXEmW7B-OayneFQGpEosn33PHGFJpoi0ilHkbq8ts8_fCbxQq-kGtgPb9_g48PL9s/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Northern+Slimy+Salamander+%25281%2529.JPG" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Northern Slimy Salamander</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Plethodon glutinosus</i></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMnIt9s779m-JXC6-m4Px9VL9IGC4grHpbjcN-k0-7ilXbCMHfXjGgbZGBzNEu7br_Zl7uSLbC3sb2DT9ZFbRuEPr768QRUh13c9Us0Mb9THiUBLJ718CwBFUWB2B0-V90bXcAe3Jjlcfh/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Red+Salamander+%25283%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMnIt9s779m-JXC6-m4Px9VL9IGC4grHpbjcN-k0-7ilXbCMHfXjGgbZGBzNEu7br_Zl7uSLbC3sb2DT9ZFbRuEPr768QRUh13c9Us0Mb9THiUBLJ718CwBFUWB2B0-V90bXcAe3Jjlcfh/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Red+Salamander+%25283%2529.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Red Salamander</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Pseudotriton ruber</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFwdprPPs2wFAaT207ISf49cxDjaeBK0cHFfqsdEyEz4Hhh1-inZ04pRThlqrJhwwhmj5tEk7doslSYxpuux-KkDB9tZqV7AHZD0sv93OqnTFEexsftJOtekBOBo43uZ-D82u3zE4Q5ab/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Two-Lined+Salamander+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFwdprPPs2wFAaT207ISf49cxDjaeBK0cHFfqsdEyEz4Hhh1-inZ04pRThlqrJhwwhmj5tEk7doslSYxpuux-KkDB9tZqV7AHZD0sv93OqnTFEexsftJOtekBOBo43uZ-D82u3zE4Q5ab/s320/Kristen+Martyn-+Two-Lined+Salamander+%25281%2529.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Two-Lined Salamander</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Eurycea bislineata</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander" target="_blank">CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT SALAMANDERS</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Salamanders of Appalachians. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://naturatours.blogspot.com/">http://naturatours.blogspot.com/</a> (April 25, 2012)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Salamander. </i>Downloaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">http://en.wikipedia.org/</a> (April 25, 2012)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Adam, Chaidir. 2012. <i>Reptile: Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). </i>Palangkaraya</span></div>
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</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-51227470678286389242012-04-24T08:30:00.001-07:002012-05-12T06:12:38.813-07:00Great Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna mokarran)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK14DVN6XSOe5Qu9Qzxd37ULp7y3Z6DKoycR4VWrsZHmPAfXKIXcE-WrMmY__qdyzPsA5Kr0UHa3DdF5lTZe51mQ7KvvRVaDBHciVeTc4hu72ebuzeZsM-KC2d25vI1K1l6VCMV7Z5Q9z8/s1600/ghammer2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK14DVN6XSOe5Qu9Qzxd37ULp7y3Z6DKoycR4VWrsZHmPAfXKIXcE-WrMmY__qdyzPsA5Kr0UHa3DdF5lTZe51mQ7KvvRVaDBHciVeTc4hu72ebuzeZsM-KC2d25vI1K1l6VCMV7Z5Q9z8/s320/ghammer2.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i><b>Materi Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata I Fishes</b></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39386/0" target="_blank">IUCN REDLIST STATUS</a> : Endangered (EN)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>TAXONOMY</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">The great hammerhead was originally described as </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Zygaena mokarran</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell in 1837, however he changed this name to the currently valid </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna mokarran</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> later that same year. The name </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">translates from Greek to the English language "hammer", referring to the hammer-shaped head of this species. Synonyms used in past scientific literature include </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna tudes</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> Valenciennes 1822, </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Zygaena dissimilis</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> Murray 1887 and </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna ligo</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> Fraser-Brunner 1950. </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">There are approximately 10 related species of hammerheads throughout tropical and temperate regions including the </span><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Bonnethead/Bonnethead.html" style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">bonnethead</span></a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna tibur</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">o), </span><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Schammer/ScallopedHammerhead.html" style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">scalloped hammerhead</span></a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna lewini</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">), and </span><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/SmHammer/SmoothHammerhead.html" style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">smooth hammerhead</span></a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sphyrna zygaena</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b>SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kingdom : Animalia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Phylum : Chordata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sub Phylum : Vertebrata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Class : Chondrichthyes</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sub Class : Elasmobranchii</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Order : Carcharhiniformes</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Family : Sphyrnidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Genus : <i>Sphyrna</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Species : <i>Sphyrna mokarran</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b>COMMON NAMES</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">English language common names include great hammerhead, great hammerhead shark, and squat-headed hammerhead shark. Other common names are abu garn (Arabic), akran (Arabic), cação-martelo (Portuguese), cachona (Spanish), cachona grande (Spanish), cambeva (Portuguese), cawar (Somali), cornuda de ley (Spanish), cornuda gigante (Spanish), glowomlot olbrzymi (Polish), grand requin marteau (French), grande squalo martello (Italian), großer hammerhai (German), grote hamerhaai (Dutch), hira-shumokuzame (Japanese), isovasarahai (Finnish), jarjur (Arabic), martelo (Portuguese), martillo (Spanish), megalozygena (Greek), nami-shumokuzame (Japanese), papa mbingusi (Swahili), peix martelo (Portuguese), : pesce martello maggiore (Italian), pez martillo (Spanish), requin marteau (French), tollo cruz (Spanish), yu parang (Malay), and yu tukul (Malay), Hiu Martil (Indonesian).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>MORPHOLOGY</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Great Hammerhead illustration</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDyHIIKESWNHqCZroTkC2dJh0J_va1gka9qZiO2WMtdvdukJSH3HjJxmpNfwLRMCs9718W6r6sfgdRN0UZxuqotnHUWK-P3Ba600pJvMtTfC5FZZrII_nqiTcTfDHXGwiR2V9JUPYvKJO/s1600/SharkID-Great-Hammerhead-Shark-Features-600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDyHIIKESWNHqCZroTkC2dJh0J_va1gka9qZiO2WMtdvdukJSH3HjJxmpNfwLRMCs9718W6r6sfgdRN0UZxuqotnHUWK-P3Ba600pJvMtTfC5FZZrII_nqiTcTfDHXGwiR2V9JUPYvKJO/s1600/SharkID-Great-Hammerhead-Shark-Features-600.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Great Hammerhead's Morphology</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>DISTINCTIVE FEATURE</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">The great hammerhead is a very large shark with the characteristic hammer-shaped head from which it gets its common name. The font margin of the head is nearly straight with a shallow notch in the center in adult great hammerheads, distinguishing it from the smooth hammerhead and scalloped hammerhead. The first dorsal fin is very tall with a pointed tip and strongly falcate in shape while the second dorsal is also high with a strongly concave rear margin. The origin of the first dorsal fin is opposite or slightly behind the pectoral fin axil with the free rear tip falling short to above the origin of the pelvic fins. The rear margins of the pelvic fins are concave and falcate in shape, not seen in </span><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Schammer/ScallopedHammerhead.html" style="background-color: white; color: green; font-weight: bold; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;">scalloped hammerhead</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (S. </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">lewini</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">). The posterior edge of the anal fin is deeply notched.</span></span>
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<i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Great hammerhead differences between the A. Juvenile and B. Adult head morphology<br />Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA</span></i>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>COLORATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The dorsal side of the great hammerhead is dark brown to light grey or even olive in color fading to white on the underside. The fins lack markings in adults while the apex of the second dorsal fin may appear dusky in juveniles.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Great hammerhead </span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" /><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">© Wes Pratt</i></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>DENTITION</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The teeth of this hammerhead are triangular and strongly serrated, but increasingly oblique toward the corners of the mouth. There are 17 teeth on either side of the 2-3 teeth at the symphysis in the upper jaw and 16 or 17 teeth on either side of the 1-3 teeth at the symphysis on the lower jaw.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Teeth from the great hammerhead, A. Fifth upper tooth, B. Twelfth upper tooth, C. Fifth lower tooth, D. Eleventh lowe tooth</span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" /><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA</i></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>DENTICLES</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The skin is covered by dermal denticles that are closely spaced, overlapping along the front and lateral margins. Each blade is diamond-shaped and smooth along the base. There are 3-5 ridges on each blade on small specimens and as many as 5 or 6 in larger individuals. The teeth along the posterior margin are short with the median tooth slightly longer than the other teeth.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Dermal denticles from the great hammerhead</span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" /><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">as adapted from Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA</i></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>SIZE, AGE AND GROWTH</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">As the largest of the hammerheads, the great hammerhead averages over 500 pounds (230 kg). The world record great hammerhead was caught off Sarasota, Florida (US) weighing 991 pounds (450 kg). The largest reported length of a great hammerhead is 20 feet (6.1 m). Expected life span of this species is approximately 20-30 years of age. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">In waters off Australia, males reach maturity at a length of 7.4 feet (2.25 m) corresponding to a weight of 113 pounds (51 kg) and females are mature at a total length of 6.9 feet (2.10 m) corresponding to a weight of 90 pounds (41 kg) (source: </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Stevens and Lyle 1989</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">The great hammerhead is the largest of all hammerheads</span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" /><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">© George Burgess</i></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>FOOD HABITS</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Great hammerheads are active predators, preying upon a wide variety of marine organisms, from invertebrates to bony fishes and sharks. A favorite prey item is the stingray, which is consumed along with the tail spine! Invertebrate prey include crabs, squid, octopus, and lobsters while commonly consumed bony fish are groupers, catfishes, jacks, grunts, and flatfishes. Great hammerheads have also been reported as cannibalistic, eating individuals of their own species. It feeds primarily at dusk along the seafloor as well as near the surface using its complex electro-sensory system to located prey.</span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>REPRODUCTION</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">As common with all hammerheads, this species is viviparous with nutrition provided through a yolk-sac placenta. Following a gestation period of approximately 11 months, birth occurs during the spring or summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The resulting litters range in size from 6 to 42 young with the pups measuring between 60 and 70 cm total length. The head shape of a young pup is more rounded than that of an adult, changing as it reaches maturity. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In contrast to most other species of sharks that reportedly mate at or near the bottom, the great hammerhead has been observed mating near the surface of the water. In one event reported from the Bahamas, mating sharks ascended, swimming slowly around each other until mating at the surface.</span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>PARASITES</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Copepods parasitize many species of shark with those found on great hammerheads including </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Alebion carchariae</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, A. </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">elegans</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Nesippus orientalis</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, N. </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">crypturus</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Eudactylina pollex</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kroyeria gemursa</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, and </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Nemesis atlantica</i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Parasitic copepods of the underside of snout of a great hammerhead</span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" /><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">© Doug Perrine</i></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Circumtropical in distribution, the great hammerhead is found in coastal warm temperate and tropical waters within 40°N - 37°S latitude. In the western Atlantic Ocean, it ranges from North Carolina (US) south to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean regions, while in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, this species ranges from Morocco to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution of the great hammerhead includes the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Pacific region from Ryukyu Island to New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The eastern Pacific range is from southern Baja, California (US) through Mexico, south to Peru. The great hammerhead is considered a highly migratory species within Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.</span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">World distribution map for the great hammerhead</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>HABITAT</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">This large coastal/semi-oceanic shark is found far offshore to depths of 300 m as well as in shallow coastal areas such as over continental shelves and lagoons. The great hammerhead migrates seasonally, moving poleward to cooler waters during the summer months.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b>REFERENCES</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">___________. <i>Great Hammerhead Shark. </i>Downloaded from </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreatHammerhead/GHammerhead.html" target="_blank">http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/</a> (April 24, 2012)<i> </i></span></div>
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<i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Edited by : Adamx</i></div>
</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4142108971926918900.post-39677979516449617942012-04-24T06:24:00.001-07:002012-05-06T10:05:45.380-07:00Presentasi Zoologi Vertebrata I Pisces : Great Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna mokarran)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Presentasi pertama mata kuliah Zoologi Vertebrata mengenai Pisces. <b>Great Hammerhead Shark</b> (<i>Sphyrna mokarran</i>) dari kelas Chondrichthyes (ikan bertulang rawan) merupakan species yang saya pilih untuk menjadi materi presentasi.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>and 11 more slides....</b></span></div>
</div>Adamxhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17355503867560063443noreply@blogger.com0